Business Consulting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Consulting Paper - Essay Example The external consultant advices different clients compared to an internal consultant who only advises his company. This essay expounds on what is a business consultant and his or her respective roles and responsibilities. A business consultant is a person who is an expert in business fields and offers advice and guidance to firms mostly at a fee. The business fields include finance, management, accountancy, human resource and procurement. For instance, a finance consultant advises a firm on management issues of finances and how to get the finances. He or she advises them on how to issue stocks, rights issues, bonds and any other tactic of gaining capital from the shareholders. He or she advises the client on how to join the stock exchange markets to trade in stocks. This is done to improve the capital base of an organization thus facilitating its growth. An example of a firm providing financial consultant services is Deloitte Consulting LLP (Malone, 2012). A management consultant who is still a business consultant, advises firms on any management issues. He or she guides a firm when setting up its organization structure, and also when coming up with the roles and responsibilities in every position. A management consultant also helps any organization to choose the best organization culture that would improve the performance of the employees. An example of management consultant firm is the McKinsey & Company. It has been offering these services since 1926. Human resource consultant gives guidance to an organization on how to handle its human resource; a framework on how to recruit, induct and associate with new employees is set by the help of a human resource consultant. An example is Mercer LLC in the United States, which has many offices worldwide (Malone, 2012). Finally, a procurement consultant who is still a business consultant,

Assessment of Patients Perceptions Essay Example for Free

Assessment of Patients Perceptions Essay Caring has been widely discussed in the health care professions, especially in nursing which is considered to be one of the caring professions (Boykin and Schoenhofer 2001). Watson (1985) describes caring as a moral ideal of nursing. According to Watson, caring preserves human dignity in cure dominated health care systems and becomes a standard by which cure is measured (Watson 1988c, p. 177). Research literature indicates that the assessment of quality of care from the patient’s perspective has been operationalised as patient satisfaction (Dufrene 2000). Nurse caring has been related to patient satisfaction in western literature (Wolf et al 2003; Wolf et al 1998; Forbes and Brown 1995; Boyle et al 1989). There are so many factors that influence patients’ perceptions of care given by the opposite sex. Some of these are: Age, ethnicity, gender, socio-economic and health status. The most consistent finding has been related to age. Older patients tend to be more satisfied with their health care. Studies that have looked at ethnicity have generally held that being a member of a minority group is associated with lower rates of satisfaction. Studies on the effect of gender show that women tend to be less satisfied and other studies show the opposite. Most studies have found that individuals of lower socio-economic status and less education tend to be less satisfied with their health care. Other studies have shown that poorer satisfaction with care is associated with experiencing worry, depression, fear or hopelessness, as is having a psychiatric diagnosis such as schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or drug abuse. Health status can greatly influence satisfaction of an individual (Hall, 1990). It is important to examine the relationships of nurse caring to patient satisfaction in Cape Coast because of severe staff shortages, heavy workload, and low salaries in Cape Coast Hospitals. Nursing literature had long recognized importance of these perceptions as major factors militating against prompt and effective service delivery in the care environment. One of the critical roles and ethics of the nurse is to treat all patients irrespective of their gender, colour, creed, political inclination and religious affiliations. High quality nurse-client communication is the backbone of the art and science of nursing. It has a significant impact on patient well-being as well as the quality and outcome of nursing care, and is related to patients’ overall satisfaction with their care. The maintenance of high nurse patient communication also depends on the nurse and patient. The quality of care in a hospital has been shown to be influenced by several factors including: inadequate nursing staff, lack of regular water supply on wards, too much nursing documentation, too long waiting time, and lack of specialized nurses. In Ghana, there is crisis in nurse-client communication evidence from four sources. These are personal observation, anecdotes from client and their families, media reports, and official health reports. Although there is ample evidence to demonstrate that most nurses are females, one cannot discount the enormous services that male nurses provide irrespective of their gender. The ever increasing number of female nurses compared to male nurses in our wards, coupled with patient dissatisfaction toward treatment received has raised a lot of questions as to whether there is a perceived idea that male nurses offer better care or otherwise. With the introduction of Health Insurance a few years ago, more patients report to the hospital and are also consciously aware of their rights and responsibilities as patients and hence will demand for better service delivery from care givers. Recently, patient dissatisfaction has been on the ascendancy in several hospitals across Ghana including University of Cape Coast Hospital. This has raised a lot of concerns about the perceptions patients have regarding the care given by male nurses.

Of Mulattas and Mutts :: Personal Narrative Essays

Of Mulattas and Mutts Some poor white cracker made a little extra money by being a census man. His boss says, â€Å"What about them people down on Hog Key?† and the cracker says, â€Å"Them? Those people just a passel of niggers and injuns. What I have to go down there for?† His boss just gives him the evil eye. So he got out his skiff and poled on down to Hog Key. He was met by five shotguns. After begging for his life he finally got those people to understand what he was there for. And he went on home and marked that census up. He didn’t know what those people were so he just slashed great big M’s all over the page. Cause he heard that the old midwife Richard used to be a slave up Marion County way. And that his ma was a Choctaw Indian. And his son, Gene, King Gene they called him down there, the meanest man in four counties, had married up with a Seminole. Richard’s pappy was a dark as night negro man and was born and died a slave. That made every last one of them down on Hog Key great big M’s – mulatta’s down to the infant in his momma’s arms. We stayed M’s right up to the last census taken down in the swamps, right up to the time the US government took away what we had farmed and fished and hunted and built so they could make a park out of it. And all of a sudden we were W’s â €“ white, Caucasian. Cause we could always pass. Even way back at the beginning when Richard ran from that Plantation up Marion County way and joined up as a cook on a brig heading out of Key West. He could pass. But word gets round as it always does, flies across invisible lines and roosts in places it has no business. And a body has no choice but to accept the fact that being able to pass and actually passing is two different things entirely. So no one knew what he was, what his children were, what the rest of us to come would be and so they listed them all as M’s. And those folks down there in the Everglades just lived their lives as M’s, not really giving a damn anyhow cause they had each other and didn’t need the white man’s world for shit.

The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth :: Free Macbeth Essays

The Relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Throughout the play of "Macbeth" written by William Shakespeare there is an on-going relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. This relationship is one of the functions of the play that creates most of the actions, reactions, moods, feelings and attitudes. Macbeth's relationship with his wife was not always great. This is shown in one of there conversations; MACBETH: "We will proceed no further in this business: He hath honour'd me of late; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon."(Macbeth,I,vii, ) LADY MACBETH. "Was the hope drunk Wherein you dress'd yourself? hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale At what it did so freely? From this time Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valor As thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have that Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life, And live a coward in thine own esteem; Letting "I dare not" wait upon "I would," Like the poor cat i' the adage?"(Macbeth,I,vii, ) In these two quotes we see that there is a disagreement that continues through the entire scene. Macbeth decides that he does not want to murder Duncan and that is final and that the discussion is over. Lady Macbeth on the other hand feels that Macbeth is being a coward and that he should think about what he is doing before he makes up his mind. Slowly throughout the scene Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth that he should kill Duncan and he finally agrees. This goes to show that the relationship produces a sense of trust and openness. This is due to the fact that Macbeth listens to his wife and finally takes what she has to say into thought and carries through with it. The function of this is to create a sense of hostility amongst the audience. Everyone can't believe that Lady Macbeth is encouraging her husband to kill someone and it really makes them uncomfortable and shifts there mood of love towards Lady Macbeth to hate. This mood of the audience is highened in Act 2 Scene 2 when once again Macbeth has decided that he is going to stop what he is doing although he had already killed Duncan;

Wireless and Fundamental Changes

Exhibit 1. 4 highlights the marketing implications of Internet technologies in the following categories: Bits not atoms, Mediating technology, Global reach, Network externality, Time moderator, Information equalizer, Scalable capacity, Open Standard, Market deconstruct, and Task Automation. What fundamental changes has the Internet brought to marketing? The balance of power is shifting to buyers—one of the most fundamental changes to marketing. Marketers have practically lost control of brand images due to blogs, online bulletin boards, and other online communication, and must consistently underpromise and overdeliver. Other changes: Market fragmentation. The Internet put finality to this trend by extending to its ultimate—a market size of one customer—and prompted marketers to create products and communication to small target groups. Death of distance. Geographic location is no longer a factor when collaborating with business partners, supply chain firms, or customers, or just chatting with friends. Time compression. Time is not a factor with Internet communication between firms and their stakeholders. Online stores can be open 24/7; people can communicate as their schedules permit; times zones disappear for managers collaborating with partners on other continents. Critical knowledge management. In the digital world, customer information is easy and inexpensive to gather, store, and analyze. Managers can track marketing results as plans are implemented, receiving play-by-play reports. However, turning huge databases into meaningful knowledge to guide strategic decisions is a major challenge. Interdisciplinary focus. Marketers must understand technology to harness its power. They do not have to personally develop the technologies, but they need to know enough to select appropriate suppliers and direct technology professionals. Intellectual capital rules. Imagination, creativity, and entrepreneurship are more important resources than financial capital. The internet properties that affect marketing are the web itself. The web allows information to travel faster throughout the whole world. Secondly, the existence of email contributes to a more efficient way of communication. Email also has sparked the ideas for another internet revolution, the social networks. A social network is based on Web 2. 0 where the web allows interactivity within the internet users community. The existence of social networks such as Facebook and Twitter keeps people online more often than before. Another example of internet properties that affect marketing is through blogs. There was a saying; â€Å"pen is sharper than sword†. With blogs, internet users are allowed to express their opinions and discussions worldwide. The wiki pages such as Wikipedia are places where people share knowledge about everything, including brands and other marketing related topics. With these internet properties, there are a few fundamental changes the internet has brought to marketing. Firstly, it changes the power shift from sellers to buyers. Consumers have the ability to share and review the products online where good products will be praised and inferior products will be critiqued everywhere through word of mouth or some would call it word of â€Å"mouse† (WOM). It is also through this process that consumers trust each other more than they trust the companies. This issue can be measured by the success of EBay in the online market where second-hand and unexpected products will be marketed in the website. One could get an item from EBay where no other can find such as unique products. The other big change to marketing approach due to internet is the market and media fragmentation. Before the existence of internet marketing, the brands will go through a series of supply chain before reaching to the†¦ What concerns about consumer privacy are raised by the increased use of wireless computing and handheld devices outside the home or workplace? here wireless devices can contain their financial and private information and those signals can be intercepted and other people can obtain information. 12. What concerns about consumer privacy are raised by the increased use of   wireless computing and handheld devices outside the home or workplace? The rapid proliferation of wireless networks outside the home and work place has resulted in increase d concern over privacy. In the digital context, privacy refers to two things: the â€Å"right to be left alone,† and the right to keep one’s personal information private (see chapter 5). With regard to wireless computing, one big concern is text message Spamming. As marketers gain access to cell phone numbers and even cell phone directories, many fear that unscrupulous marketers will overwhelm consumers with voice and text messages. Another concern is that people can intercept wireless transmissions, thus gaining access to personal information sent from PCs and other devices over wireless networks. Security issues with hard-line Internet connections with â€Å"always-on† services like DSL and cable were concern enough already. Now with services that broadcast data throughout the air freely available to everyone, consumers have reason to be even more concerned. The same issues with privacy, credit cards numbers, personal information, etc. apply, except now people can listen in and even jump onto your network with a Pringle’s can for an antennae and a little know how. Encryption standards are still widely debated, but it is likely the added convenience will win out in the end. In a future with mobile commerce and automated account transfers over wireless networks, security will become paramount.

Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism

Happiness and Hedonism Hedonism can be defined as pleasure or happiness being the sole good in life. The pursuit of pleasure for the sake of happiness is the main goal of conduct. Aristippus went further to teach that pleasure is the highest human value that should be enjoyed, and pain the least which should be avoided at all costs, whether being inflicted or suffered. He maintained that people should exercise judgment and self-control in their pursuit of happiness. His motto was, â€Å"I possess, I am not possessed.† Aristippus’ major school of thought, Cyrenaic hedonism, claimed the only concerns with obtaining pleasure is how fast, physical, brief the duration, intense, and diverse it is. Aristippus believed that life is short and should be lived to the fullest potential of the NOW. Happiness is the pursuit of instant, tangible pleasure. Why spend an hour in deep, intellectual conversation when one can indulge in a gourmet meal that is lavishly prepared? There is no need to focus on a future that is uncertain when the immediate self-gratification is right in front of us. Sensual pleasures are viewed as the greatest physical pleasures. Not only is one being gratified in the physical now, but the senses are being awakened for the moment. This can be seen in the first physical encounter with someone. Not only is one being touched physically, but the sheer pleasure of the other senses being explored is bliss. Getting to know that person by how they sound, taste, feel, smell, and the way they look is not only a source for happiness, but for gratification also. â€Å"The brevity of pleasures does not take away from their worth. The aim of life is to have as many pleasurable moments as one can.† As it may take years for a â€Å"good† wine to age, it only takes a single moment for one to enjoy the pleasing taste. The longer the duration of the pleasure does not make it a better one. Time is not of the essence for the... Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism Free Essays on Happiness And Hedonism Happiness and Hedonism Hedonism can be defined as pleasure or happiness being the sole good in life. The pursuit of pleasure for the sake of happiness is the main goal of conduct. Aristippus went further to teach that pleasure is the highest human value that should be enjoyed, and pain the least which should be avoided at all costs, whether being inflicted or suffered. He maintained that people should exercise judgment and self-control in their pursuit of happiness. His motto was, â€Å"I possess, I am not possessed.† Aristippus’ major school of thought, Cyrenaic hedonism, claimed the only concerns with obtaining pleasure is how fast, physical, brief the duration, intense, and diverse it is. Aristippus believed that life is short and should be lived to the fullest potential of the NOW. Happiness is the pursuit of instant, tangible pleasure. Why spend an hour in deep, intellectual conversation when one can indulge in a gourmet meal that is lavishly prepared? There is no need to focus on a future that is uncertain when the immediate self-gratification is right in front of us. Sensual pleasures are viewed as the greatest physical pleasures. Not only is one being gratified in the physical now, but the senses are being awakened for the moment. This can be seen in the first physical encounter with someone. Not only is one being touched physically, but the sheer pleasure of the other senses being explored is bliss. Getting to know that person by how they sound, taste, feel, smell, and the way they look is not only a source for happiness, but for gratification also. â€Å"The brevity of pleasures does not take away from their worth. The aim of life is to have as many pleasurable moments as one can.† As it may take years for a â€Å"good† wine to age, it only takes a single moment for one to enjoy the pleasing taste. The longer the duration of the pleasure does not make it a better one. Time is not of the essence for the...

Your LinkedIn Profile Photo - Projecting the Right Image

Your LinkedIn Profile Photo - Projecting the Right Image I have now conducted 32 in-depth reviews of peoples LinkedIn profiles and one of the most common things I tell people is Consider getting a new photo. Some people have privacy considerations and choose not to post a picture to LinkedIn. If you do have confidentiality concerns, I respect your choice. However, there are reasons to include a photo in your LinkedIn profile. It builds trust and credibility and makes you a real person rather than simply an electronic profile. And its the first thing people notice. If you do choose to post a photo on LinkedIn, the first question to ask yourself is: What image do I want to project? Most of us will answer this question, A professional image, of course! Remember, this is LinkedIn. Its not Facebook for your friends or a dating website for your cute and sexy look. Yet heres what I found in many business peoples pictures (and I may be talking to you): Cars, computers, and random objects in the background (these draw attention away from you) Dark backgrounds that make it hard to see your face Other people:Â   girlfriends, kids, and drinking buddies (are you planning to bring them to your interview?) Dogs (are you planning to bring them to your interview?) Obvious cropping, creating an amateur look (maybe okay for Facebook, but not for LinkedIn) Long shots where we can?t see the persons face (whats the point?) If you were an employer or a client, what would your reaction be to these photos? To avoid these common blunders, I recommend to most people that they get a professionally done head shot in front of a plain light colored background. Thats the kind of photo that builds business credibility. (If you dont want to go to a studio, a white house will do the trick as a background all you need is a friend with a portrait lens.) There are exceptions to every rule. Perhaps if you are in real estate, you want your picture to be taken in front of a house you sold or you might just want your company logo in the corner of the photo. If you are in the travel industry, perhaps you want an exotic background. As a general rule, however, if its not relevant to your work, dont include it in the photo! And make sure we can see your face. Ask yourself: What image do I want to project? Then create a match for that image in your LinkedIn photo. Remember, a lot of people are looking.

Makayla Holden English 10R Essay

Makayla Holden English 10R Essay Makayla Holden English 10R Essay Makayla Holden English 10R 10/3/14 Final form â€Å"Inside the building, the sun lights up segments of the rotting wooden floor through the many holes in the roof. As I look for her, I register things: the soggy floorboards. The smell of almonds, like her. An old claw-footed bathtub in a corner. So many holes everywhere that this place is simultaneously inside and outside.† (Page 280) John Green uses imagery, diction, and sentence structure in this passage to describe each piece of the room, which creates a desolate mood. The way John green uses imagery makes you feel like you are right there in the building with the characters. John Green also uses it to really show u the desolate mood; the building seems empty and abandoned. It seems like no one has been there in years, if there even was someone there at one point. When green says â€Å"So many holes everywhere that this place is simultaneou sly inside and outside.† You can really picture the gaping holes in the walls, floor, and ceiling and how all of the rain and snow must get in everywhere. Green uses the soggy, rotting floorboards to show you that the rain must have gotten in through the holes. This imagery really brings out the desolate mood. In addition to this, Green also uses diction throughout this passage. There are many situations where he could have excluded the describing words, but with those adjectives there it really makes you feel like you are there. Instead of using rotting wooden floor, green could have said the holes in the floor. In this passage Green uses holes a lot to convey how open and eroded this building is. Also, Green talks about how this building is almost outside and inside at the same time and that helps you really picture this building breaking down with each gust of wind,

Arab and Israeli conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arab and Israeli conflict - Research Paper Example nding being Arab states, it was evident from the beginning that there would be conflict due to the subdivision of the land and this conflict over land (as one of the main reasons for the Israel-Arab conflict) continues until present with the Palestinians claiming a portion of the land between the West Banka and Gaza strip as theirs but the Israelis remaining adamant over it. This conflict has continued amid the numerous efforts to broker peace (by even international bodies like the United Nations and the superpowers: US and UK) including signing peace treaties. The phrase in discussion emanates from the Sykes-Picot agreement to subdivide the Ottoman Empire land into different zones which ultimately led to an unending war and conflict since 1916. This essay is going to discuss in detail this Arab-Israeli conflict including the efforts towards fostering peace through peace treaties and how that has evidently failed to present. This problem started in 1923 when the British subdivided the land which was originally to be Palestine land according to the Ottoman Empire into two: the larger portion (75% of the land) was awarded to the Palestinians and 25% to the Jews (which are the Israelis). This subdivision did not go very well with other Arab countries nationalists who claimed that this was unfair and they did not want to share the land in any way (despite the Jews having been the first occupants of that land from the 19th Century and it is them who paved way for the currently numerous Arabs occupying that area). The claim of this strip of land that was on the West side of the Jordan river is what has led to this seemingly unending â€Å"head to head† war between the Arabs and the Israelis with each side refusing to give up. With the constant attacks from the Arab-Palestinians over the land, the Jews had no choice but to reiterate and also start defending their territory and preventing further attacks over their land (which was granted to them by the British whether

Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Social Policy - Essay Example The essay "Social Policy" talks about the social policy which refers to the study of social relations essential for the well-being of humans and a framework that will ensure the well-being is maintained. Social policy entails the integration of different disciplines that are critical for human comfort.Social security refers to a laid down framework by the government to enhance the living standards of its citizens through assistance. This component of social policy identifies the reality that affects the population of a country. The gap between the rich and the poor in a given state can widen if measures are not taken, thus having immense implications to the poor. The government is obligated to offer aids that will ensure those unprivileged members of the society can access essential needs such as housing, food, and health. Social security has been beneficial for the unemployed, elderly, and physically challenged. There should be no discretion nor contributory aspect when offering soc ial security. Health is considered to be a fundamental right for all citizens irrespective of the country one hails. However, this cannot be taken on light terms because the quality of health services available to the public is a major concern. In most developing countries, it has been noted that health is considered as a basic right, but the quality of service is wanting. A government that does care about its citizens should have a framework through a legislation that will ensure they have access to better quality healthcare.

Unit 4 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 4 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE - Research Paper Example These accomplishments mean that nothing is impossible and everyone has a right and the law can protect them from being harmed as long as the victim reports the battery and violence (Janovicek, 2011). The integration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual (LGBT) individuals into the U.S. military is a long-standing and politically and socially divisive issue. Why do you believe there is so much controversy surrounding this issue? Provide examples to support your discussion. People do not believe that an LGBT soldier is as effective in the combatant field as a heterosexual soldier. The controversy is being based on myths and information that is not factual. People who are yet to openly accept any LGBT are still the ones with problems of them serving in the army. Closeted LGBTs still served in the army without any hindrance of duty until they came out openly and that is when they were regarded as being incompetent soldiers (McDonald and Parks, 2013). People have to look at research facts and carry out more research on the LGBT soldiers in their army. They are no less competent that heterosexual ones and others are even better and have made high ranks (Kingston, 2012). The same way heterosexual soldiers exercise restraint of their sexuality in active duty even with having opposite sex soldiers is the same way the LGBTs exercise restraint. No rape cases by LGBT have been reported in the military and this should be the guiding point to end the

Blowback by Chalmers Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blowback by Chalmers Johnson - Essay Example However, Chalmers regretted the political awakening of the United States after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He notes that instead of the Unites States demobilizing its defense forces, it accelerated its reliance on military operations for solving its economic and political problems. The result of this militarism as evident in the actual domestic defense is increased terrorism against the State and its close allies. It has resulted to the loss of core democratic values at home. It has become the cause of actual disaster for the America economy. This task looks at the author’s main arguments in the ‘Blowback’ and the information he uses to convince his readers on his position. It covers what ‘Blowback’ covers well in my opinion and the portions of the series I believe are misplaced and misleading. In addition, the assignment uncovers some elements of style the author uses to develop his work. It looks at the rationale of the writer’s main argument and dissects the logic and clarity of his argument. Chalmers supports the notion that America is hated around the world. He supports this by purporting that the concept of â€Å"blowback† means more than retaliation against the things the American government has done in and to foreign countries. The concept refers to retaliation against several other illegal operations the country has carried out abroad. The operations have been kept secret from the public. This implies that when the retaliations come as it did in 9/11, the American public is often unaware and cannot place the events in context. Therefore, the public tends to support all acts that the government places to lash out against the perpetrators. This prepares grounds for further blowbacks, as the American public joins the enmity created by its secretive government. Supporting the idea of enmity of the American society perpetrated by the militarization, Chalmers gives an example of the Okinawa Military Base in

Religion Western Religion Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religion Western Religion Islam - Essay Example Muslims believe that practicing Islam puts them in a state of righteousness and obedience to the will of God. However, they take it a bit far when they state that it is better for all mankind to become Muslims and submit to the will of God because nothing can be better than this. This presupposes the dominance of Islam over the other religions and its inherent superiority, as every Muslim would like to believe. However, I believe that it is more correct to acknowledge other religions as well, like Christianity and Judaism. In fact all three of these faiths emerged from a common continent and have many similarities of belief. For example, all of them believe in Adam and Eve as being God’s first human creations and the subsequent banishment from the Garden of Eden. Islam recognizes around 124,000 prophets as being sent by God at various times throughout the history of mankind. However Muslims regard the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as Allah’s last messenger and the founder and first proliferater of Islam. The Muslim faith of Islam is based on five pillars or tenets which are as follows: (1) Shahada or Creed; (2) Salat or Daily Prayers; (3) Sawm or fasting during Ramadan; (4) Zakat or Alms-giving; and (5) Hajj, or the pilgrimage to Mecca, to be undertaken by a Muslim if he has the means, at least once in his lifetime. To a Muslim, these five basic acts are obligatory and a framework around which lies their commitment to their faith (Hooker, 1). The Quran itself presents these tenets as basic signs of commitment to the faith of Islam. They must be observed and practiced by every Muslim. An equivalent would be the observance of the sacraments in Christianity, I guess. Observing the five tenets of Islam and what is applicable to an individual of the seven sacraments in Christianity would keep each believer in a state of grace and strengthen their position with God. While all of us may not agree with it, Muslims believe that Islam is the best

Blowback by Chalmers Johnson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Blowback by Chalmers Johnson - Essay Example However, Chalmers regretted the political awakening of the United States after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He notes that instead of the Unites States demobilizing its defense forces, it accelerated its reliance on military operations for solving its economic and political problems. The result of this militarism as evident in the actual domestic defense is increased terrorism against the State and its close allies. It has resulted to the loss of core democratic values at home. It has become the cause of actual disaster for the America economy. This task looks at the author’s main arguments in the ‘Blowback’ and the information he uses to convince his readers on his position. It covers what ‘Blowback’ covers well in my opinion and the portions of the series I believe are misplaced and misleading. In addition, the assignment uncovers some elements of style the author uses to develop his work. It looks at the rationale of the writer’s main argument and dissects the logic and clarity of his argument. Chalmers supports the notion that America is hated around the world. He supports this by purporting that the concept of â€Å"blowback† means more than retaliation against the things the American government has done in and to foreign countries. The concept refers to retaliation against several other illegal operations the country has carried out abroad. The operations have been kept secret from the public. This implies that when the retaliations come as it did in 9/11, the American public is often unaware and cannot place the events in context. Therefore, the public tends to support all acts that the government places to lash out against the perpetrators. This prepares grounds for further blowbacks, as the American public joins the enmity created by its secretive government. Supporting the idea of enmity of the American society perpetrated by the militarization, Chalmers gives an example of the Okinawa Military Base in

Principles and Contemporary of Mental Health Essay

Principles and Contemporary of Mental Health - Essay Example In this area, nurses receive specialized training in psychological therapies that builds on therapeutic alliance in dealing with challenging behavior which leads to administration of psychiatric medicine. In summary, mental health is a psychological state of well being in which one has an achievement of a satisfying amalgamation of one’s instinctual motivations tolerable to both oneself and one’s social locale; an apposite balance of leisure pursuits, love and work (Wilkin, 2003, p. 139). The Patient: Barker’s model In one of his theories, Barker wrote that a mental patient care should encompass a Meta theoretical approach. This is to say that several theories are necessary while dealing with mental patients. The application of this theory helped in taking care of the patients. First, there was demonstration of the nursing knowledge, the grand theory, where there was stating the empirical terms and hypotheses to demonstrate understanding of the theory of nursing. To demonstrate a clear understanding of the situation, I applied the Barker’s tidal model, which is philosophical in nature. With this model, I had to understand the fact that I knew little about the experiences of my patient. I took my patient as a mystery to be learnt and explored in developing a nurse-patient relationship and identify the needs. This characteristic of curiosity helps to understand more about the patient (Barker & Barker, 2005, p. 108). Secondly, the key to understanding my patient was taking them in with their resourcefulness in acknowledging the reality of my patient’s problems as the resources towards proper therapy. Other resources were within their social and interpersonal network, which I had to explore to help in proper therapy. Another important aspect that I had to consider was to understand the personal wishes of the patient. This laid emphasis on the importance of collaboration with the patient. This helped in identification of the needs of the patient. Respect to the needs also helped to ease therapy towards quick recovery. Mental health is more psychological and therapy has to be more collaborative through identification of what the patient deems important. However, this did not mean ignoring professional knowledge about the patient’s condition, but the wishes of the patient remained at the heart throughout the therapy session. Then there was viewing the patient’s condition as an opportunity, a natural signal indicating the need for services, my services. It was an opportunity for change and a chance for the patient to take a new opportunity in life. In mental health care, there are goals that professional nurses set to achieve. They are to be the end point of the nursing care process. I had to consider the fact that there are small steps which I needed to take in order to move away from the circumstances that brought my patient to the care setting. Finally, Barker’s model in practice helped m e to understand the fact that I had to identify the simplest possible action that helped to bring about the help necessary for the patient to get well from their condition. Basing On Evidence Because I had to administer psychotherapy basing on evidence, I had to employ several techniques that had to base on empirical relationship building, communication, dialogue and behavior change with a designation to improve mental

Fresh Water Essay Example for Free

Fresh Water Essay The greatest similarity between fresh and salt water is that both are basically the same chemical water, although the contents of other materials dissolved in it differ. Both contain some amount dissolved chemical in it though the quantities vary. Both form different links in the water cycle of the nature. Both are homes to aquatic life. Difference: Salt water contains much higher quantities of dissolved chemicals as compared to fresh water. This higher concentration of chemical also raises the density of salt water above that of fresh water. Plant and animals living in two types of water bodies are different. Salt water is found only as large standing bodies of water. Most of these are in form of seas and oceans, although though some lakes including very large ones considered to be sea also contain salt water. Fresh water is found in standing bodies of water called lakes, as well as running water as in rivers and streams. Fresh water is available in many other forms such as in rain, and ice caps in the poles and in very cold places. However no fresh water is found in seas and oceans. Fresh water is used for drinking as well as many industrial processes. However salt water is generally not suitable for most of the industrial use except for cooling. On the other hand salt water is used as a source of some chemicals, particularly common salt. Freshwater does not yield any such chemicals. Comparing Fresh water and ocean water, each has their differences. Most notable is animals living in each. The animals that live in the Salt ocean water would not survive in fresh water for an extended length of time. Same holds true for fresh water animals. However there are a few species that have adapted and can live in both. Some Salt water animals have also evolved to live in Fresh water. Humans cannot drink ocean water without dying. The salt in it dehydrates you to the point you die of thirst. In order to drink ocean water you have to desalinate it in one of many ways. Boiling it being one way. Ocean water also contains every natural element on the planet. If we could find a way to mine the water that is cost effective, we would have a lot more resources. Ocean water freezes at 26 degrees F and fresh at 32. While only 6 degrees difference in water terms that is huge. It prevents a vast amount of the oceans from freezing over in the winter, of course global warming has helped with that. As for your comment of only 3% of the worlds oceans is fresh water, it is very true. While there is a lot of surface area of fresh water the oceans are miles deep. The deepest point on Earth is approx 35,000ft below sea level or about 6. 75 miles down. Many of the deepest lakes only hit about 2000 to 3000 ft deep. Also when you compare the surface area of the fresh water bodies comparies to the oceans there isnt much. The great lakes between Canada and the USA contain 20% of all fresh water on the planet. That is enough water to cover the entire USA with 9. 5 feet of water. When compared to the oceans that isnt much. So dont be surprised. Fresh water is lighter than salt water. Therefore, fresh water floats on top of salt water. This principle becomes extremely important when considering the drilling of a well in order to tap into the ground water of any island. The weight of the rain water that percolates into the ground depresses the salt water beneath it forming a profile that has the appearance of a lens. This is called the Ghyben-Herzberg lens. The principle of this relationship was discovered independently by a Dutch scientist named Baden-Ghyben and a German scientist named Herzberg. The underground boundary that separates the fresh water layer from the salt water is not a sharp boundary line. In reality, this boundary is a transition zone of brackish water (fresh/salt mixture). This is caused by seasonal fluctuations in rainfall, tidal action, and the amount of water being withdrawn either by humans or by natural discharge. Fresh water has a density of 1. 0 while salt water has a density of 1. 025. From this, you can see that salt water is slightly heavier than fresh water. The ratio between the two is 41:40. The formation of the Ghyben-Herzberg lens has a profound effect upon the availability of fresh water on an island. This principle essentially states that for every foot of ground water above sea level there are forty feet of fresh water below sea level! The mathematical formula for the fresh to salt water relationship is: hs = hf / es ef where hs is the depth of fresh water below sea level, hf is the depth of fresh water above sea level, es is the density of salt water, and ef is the density of fresh water. Using the common density figures for fresh and salt water the formula can thus be simplified into hs = hf / . 025 Understand that this applies only to fresh ground water that is sitting directly on an intruded body of salt water. It has no meaning on a large island where an inland body of ground water may be confined by layers and dikes of lava rock. On islands that are largely composed of dense lava rock, little if any salt water intrudes very far into the underlying rock structure. It is generally only in shoreline regions that salt water intrudes into the cracks, crevices, and loose rock spaces. On low, small islands that are largely composed of coral or other porous materials, salt water intrusion into the underlying interior is quite common. The drilling or digging of wells on these islands and especially on along the shoreline must be done with care. Going too deeply will penetrate the transition zone and result in salt water infiltration and the contamination of the fresh water in the well. I have seen such a well dug in solid lava rock along the shoreline in the Ka u District on the island of Hawai‘i. This well was located a few feet above the high tide line approximately a hundred feet from the ocean. The opening was rectangular, about 3 1/2 feet wide, and 6+ feet long. On one end a set of stairs had been cut into the rock allowing one to walk down five or six feet to the level of the well water. This well was unused as there are no dwellings or settlements in the immediate area. In fact, the area was considered to be range land where a few head of cattle managed to find enough to eat in this dry, desert-like environment. The size and construction of the well indicated that at one time it may have served a considerable number of people and possibly even an old Hawaiian village. Unfortunately the well had been abandoned and neglected. It contained a fair amount of decaying leaves and grass. There was also a considerable amount of broken glass from beer bottles that had been thrown against the interior sides of the well. This was probably done by shore fishermen who frequented the area from time to time and used the well as a convenient trash dump during evening camping parties. Nonetheless, the well serves as an excellent example of the Ghyben-Herzberg lenss importance to the availability of fresh water in a place where one might think that none can be found. I already had listed some differences of salt water versus fresh water so here are some similarities;

Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea

Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea Running title: Helicobacter Pylori Treatment and Rosacea Parviz Saleh1, Mohammad Naghavi-Behzad2, Hamdieh Herizchi3, Fatemeh Mokhtari3, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari2 , Reza Piri4* 1- Chronic Kidney Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 2- Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 3-Department of dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran 4- Medical Philosophy and History Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Rosacea: a Single Arm Clinical Trial Study Abstract: Rosacea is a chronic dermatologic disease. Helicobacter pylori has been discussed as one of its causative factors. In this clinical trial study, it was tried to evaluate the effect of H. pylori standard eradication protocol on the rosacea clinical course. In this single-arm clinical trial, patients with approved H. pylori infection based on serological studies were assessed to examine rosacea existence. Then, the patients with concurrent rosacea and H. pylori infection were included in the study and underwent a standard Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Rosacea was evaluated using Duluth rosacea grading score at beginning, 2 months later, and at the end of the trial (day 180). Of 872 patients with positive H. pylori, 167 patients (19.15%) manifested the clinical features of rosacea. The patients with concurrent rosacea were younger (p Keywords: Rosacea, Helicobacter pylori, Prevalence, Eradication, Treatment Effects of Helicobacter pylori Treatment on Rosacea Introduction: Rosacea is a chronic dermatological disorder mostly affects facial convexities, which is characterized by telangiectasia, flushing and papulopustular changes (1, 2). These findings tend to be in cluster patterns, which allow identification of different subgroups of patients. In other words, rosacea includes a wide spectrum of dermatological manifestations with different severities (3-5). Pathogenesis of rosacea is thought be related to vascular changes, but the main process of pathogenesis for rosacea is still unknown. A combination of dermal connective tissue damage and vascular dysfunction consisting endothelial damage, impaired reactivity, and autonomic dysfunction has been proposed (5-9). So researchers have always tried to reveal the pathophysiology process by proposing possible pathogenic factors such as solar irradiation, sensitivity to noxious stimuli, change in redox status, and the presence of parasitic mites (Demodex folliculorum) (10-14). The role of Helicobacter pylori related gastritis in the pathogenesis of rosacea has been also a subject of controversy. Diverse prevalence of H. pylori infection has been reported among rosacea patients (15-21), ranging from zero to 100%. Some studies have suggested that rosacea could be considered as an extra-gastric symptom of H. pylori infection or reported improved rosacea clinical course post H. pylori eradication (22) (23), while others concluded no significant relationship between H. pylori infection and rosacea (24, 25). Based on our literature review, no confident and precise conclusion has been made about any change in the clinical course of rosacea after H. pylori eradication yet today. So the present clinical trial aimed to evaluate changes in the clinical course of rosacea after H. pylori eradication by standard treatment protocol. Subjects and Methods Study design In this single-arm clinical trial which was conducted in clinical-educational centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Tabriz, Iran) from May 2013 to November 2015, patients with proved H. pylori infection based on serological study were screened for evaluation of concurrent rosacea disease. Then, the patients with concurrent rosacea clinical presentation and H. pylori infection were enrolled into the study. Considering sample number limitation, sampling was performed during a year to calculate sample size, then study power was calculated 0.85 according to that number of samples. Rosacea severity was graded using Duluth rosacea grading score (26) before and after H. pylori eradication protocol. Finally, the patients were examined 2 and 6 months after medication, to compare dermatological findings of rosacea with primary findings. All participants were provided an informed written consent, and the study protocol was in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. In all stages of study patients information were anonymous and based on codes and patients could refuse to take part in the study at any stage. This study is registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2015051418946N3). Study population All patients who were 20-65 years old, with confirmed H. pylori infection and active rosacea, attending clinical-educational centers of TUMS were included in the study. Prior H. pylori eradication treatment, the existence of any other dermatologic problem, allergy to clarithromycin or omeprazole, antibiotic therapy within past 2 months, topical treatment of rosacea in past 3 weeks, history of hospitalization in past 6 months, pregnancy and breastfeeding, patients were considered as exclusion criteria of the study. H. pylori infection evaluation H. pylori stool antigen test was implicated to confirm H. pylori infection before enrolling the patients into this study (day 0) and to confirm H. pylori eradication (day 60). Stool samples were collected in a standard container. In the laboratory, using an applicator stick 4-5 mm of stool was transferred in a diluent vial, then it was vortexed for 20 seconds. Then, 4 drops of vial were dispensed in ImmunoCard STAT HpSA kit (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., OH, USA); positive predictive value of this test was 89.3% based on literature (27). The positive and negative results were concluded based on the manufacturers recommendation. Rosacea evaluation Rosacea severity was evaluated using Duluth rosacea grading score (26) at beginning (day 0), 2 months later (day 60), and at end of the trial (day 180). Dermatology team examined rosacea based on detecting primary and secondary signs and symptoms of rosacea and graded them as absent, mild, moderate, or severe (0-3), based on the Duluth scoring system. Primary features of rosacea included: flushing (transient erythema), non-transient erythema, papules and pustules, telangiectasia. Secondary features included: burning or stinging, plaques, dry appearance, edema, ocular manifestations, peripheral location (present or absent), phymatous changes. Finally, rosacea condition was compared in day 0, day 60, and day 180 by the same team. H. pylori treatment Standard two-week triple therapy was administered to eradicate H. pylori, including metronidazole 500 mg orally twice per day, clarithromycin 500 mg orally twice per day, and pantoprazole 40 mg orally per day. Primary and secondary outcomes The primary outcome was the severity of rosacea before and after H. Pylori eradication. Secondary outcomes were H. Pylori eradication rate and prevalence of rosacea among patients with H. Pylori and demographic differences between H. Pylori positive patients with rosacea and without rosacea. Demographic and outcome measurement All demographic information was collected at patients enrollment time. Patients rosacea stage was evaluated on day 0, 60, and 180, then they were compared. Same dermatology team reevaluated clinical course of rosacea to decrease inter-observer error. Statistical methods Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software package, version 16.0, for windows (SPSS Inc.). Quantitative data are presented as mean  ± standard deviation (SD), while qualitative data are demonstrated as frequency and percent (%). Paired sample t-test, chi-square, and Friedman test were used for analysis of data. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between groups and Wilcoxon ranked sum test was used to compare within groups. Probable confounding factors were considered as inclusion and exclusion criteria. However, some factors which could have been confounding factors were analyzed using multivariate analysis but they were not presented in results the section. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normal distribution of data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results In the present study 872 patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen were assessed by dermatologists team. Of 872 patients, 167 patients had clinical features of rosacea. Some demographic information about patients is shown in Table 1; of all patients with a positive test for H. pylori, patients diagnosed with rosacea had lower ages (p>0.001) and the difference in gender composition was also statistically significant (p=0.034); in this conclusion, multivariate analysis was used. Based on the results, rosacea prevalence among patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen was 19.15% (167/875). Of 167 patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen and rosacea, 17 patients rejected to take part in the study while 150 patients agreed. Of 150 patients who underwent H.pylori eradication therapy, 138 (92%) had negative H. pylori stool antigen (successful treatment) at the end of the trial. Rosacea Duluth score at day 0, 60 and 180 was 15.55 ±4.34, 14.11 ±3.96 and 12.57 ±3.62, respectively; the differences between all stages were statistically significant (p Based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test, comparison of primary and secondary features of rosacea between stages of study is shown in table 3; Of secondary rosacea features, burning or stinging, plaques, dry appearance edema and ocular manifestations the difference between two stages of study were mostly significant; but the differences for peripheral involvement and phymatous change were mostly not statistically significant. Discussion Rosacea as a chronic dermatological disease, with an almost unknown pathogenesis process so far, has been the subject of many studies. One of the proposed pathogenic processes attributed to rosacea is gastric infection with H. pylori, so many researchers have tried to examine this association by trying to investigate the correlation between H. pylori infection and rosacea or by observing changes of rosacea after H. pylori eradication. Based in the present study, Prevalence of rosacea among H. Pylori positive patients was 19.15% in this study, which seems as twice as the highest reported rate in other populations, ranging from 1-10% (2, 28-31). This different has been correlated to various variables including race, culture and diet of these. In a study by Argenziano et al. potential association between rosacea and serological evidence of H. pylori infection was investigated and they concluded that there is a significant association between rosacea and H. pylori infection (32), while A bram et al. evaluated several suspected risk factors for rosacea and concluded that there was no statistically significant differences between rosacea patients and those of control group (33). Patients with rosacea and H. pylori infection had female gender predominance and lower age in comparison to those suffering only H. pylori infection. H. pylori cure rate after routine triple therapy was 92%. During 6 months of follow-up, H. pylori eradication among those who had rosacea and H. pylori infection led to a significant improvement in rosacea condition based on Duluth score grading. There was a significant decrease in intensity of almost all primary and secondary criteria except phymatous changes, telangiectasia, and peripheral involvement; this difference in phymatous changes, telangiectasia, and peripheral involvement might be due to the more time taking nature of these criteria to be resolved. Based on the literature, diverse conclusions have been made regarding rosacea resolution after H. pylori eradication. In a study by Szlachcic et al. investigating the link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea, it was concluded that after H. pylori eradication therapy among patients with rosacea and H. pylori infection, H. pylori cure rate was 97%, and in 85% of patients the symptoms of rosacea decreased markedly or disappeared within 2-4 weeks (22); although H. pylori cure rate in the present study is less than that reported in this study, the effect of H. pylori eradication on rosacea is similar in both of the studies. In another study conducted by Rojo et al. on the role of H. pylori in rosacea and chronic urticarial, it was concluded that H. pylori eradication led to a significant improvement both in rosacea (75.6%) and urticarial (85.7%) when compared with control group (22%) in 4 weeks (34); results of that study is similar to what was concluded in the present study, although no precise description of clinical features of rosacea was presented after treatment. On the hand, Bamford et al. in a study investigating effect of treatment of H. pylori infection on rosacea concluded that rosacea was significantly improved after H. pylori eradication, although this improvement was also significant in control group, the difference between the improvement of rosacea was not statistically significant between intervention and control group (35); this fact that both groups had significant improvement in rosacea totally undermined the association of H. pylori infection and rosacea which was concluded in the present study, also in this article the improvement was attributed to probable placebo effect. In another study by Herr et al. relationship between H. pylori and rosacea was examined by evaluating the response of patients with rosacea to H. pylori eradication, and they concluded that there was no statistically significant change in rosacea condition both in intervention and control group, although papulopustules had significantly decreased in interven tion group comparing baseline and follow-up (36), which is the only improvement detected after H. pylori eradication in this study, but in the present study besides improvement of papulopustules, almost all the other clinical manifestations of rosacea had improved. In a study by El-khalawany evaluating the effect of H. pylori eradication in rosacea subtypes it was concluded that H. pylori eradication led to a significant improvement in rosacea, where papulopustular subtype improved significantly more than erythematotelangiectatic subtype (37); these results are similar to the results of present study, since in the present study almost all clinical manifestations of rosacea had decreased while no statistically significant change was shown about telangiectasia. According to the mentioned literature, different conclusions have been derived from studies about the efficacy of H. pylori eradication in rosacea treatment; ranging from significant improvement in rosacea (22) or significant improvement between baseline and follow-up but not when compared to control group (35) to no significant improvement in rosacea. One of the reasons which might be responsible for these diverse conclusions is multifactorial nature of rosacea where ethnic group, bacterial subtypes or genetics might be other confounding factors. One of the main limitations of this study was lack of control group, so it might have affected this study to prevent coming to a precise and confident conclusion, also this might have led to undermining probable placebo effect of administered treatment. The main thought behind not including a control group was not willing to deprive patients of H. pylori treatment where their H. pylori infection had already been proved. Another factor which could have resulted in a more precise and reliable conclusion was including possible confounding factors such as gender, ethnic groups, and occupational environment status and analyzing rosacea improvement while taking confounding factors into account. In conclusion, the present study indicated that prevalence of rosacea among patients with H. pylori infections is slightly more than what literature attribute to different populations, it also showed a statistically significant improvement in rosacea when Duluth scores were compared between baseline and follow-up. Considering the present controversy about the association of H. pylori infection and rosacea, it is suggested that further clinical trials considering multifactorial nature of rosacea take all possible confounding factors into account, also as far as rosacea is a dermatological condition with different manifestations, recognition of alterations in the dermatological pattern of rosacea might lead to a more confident conclusion. Acknowledgments: This Study was supported by Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Conflict of Interests: No conflict of interests are declared References: 1.Plewig G, Kligman A M. Acne and rosacea: Springer Science Business Media: 2012. 2.Powell F C. Rosacea. New England Journal of Medicine 2005: 352: 793-803. 3.Tan J, Blumeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Peytavi U, Ortonne J, et al. An observational crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ sectional survey of rosacea: clinical associations and progression between subtypes. British Journal of Dermatology 2013: 169: 555-562. 4.Tan J, Berg M. Rosacea: current state of epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2013: 69: S27-S35. 5.Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings: Nature Publishing Group, 2011: 2-11. 6.Del Rosso J Q. Advances in Understanding and Managing Rosacea: Part 1 Connecting the Dots Between Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Common Clinical Features of Rosacea with Emphasis on Vascular Changes and Facial Erythema. Journal of Clinical Aesthetic Dermatology 2012: 5. 7.Fimmel S, Abdel-Naser M B, Kutzner H, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of rosacea. Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms 2008: 5: e103-e111. 8.Pouralibaba F, Babaloo Z, Pakdel F, et al. Serum level of interleukin 17 in patients with erosive and non erosive oral lichen planus. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013: 7: 91. 9.Naderi N J, Tirgari F, Esmaili F, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and Ki-67 antigen expression in relation to age and gender in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2012: 6: 103. 10.Tisma V S, Basta-Juzbasic A, Jaganjac M, et al. Oxidative stress and ferritin expression in the skin of patients with rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009: 60: 270-276. 11.Guzman-Sanchez D A, Ishiuji Y, Patel T, et al. Enhanced skin blood flow and sensitivity to noxious heat stimuli in papulopustular rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007: 57: 800-805. 12.Marks R. The enigma of rosacea. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2007: 18: 326-328. 13.Lacey N, Delaney S, Kavanagh K, et al. Miteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related bacterial antigens stimulate inflammatory cells in rosacea. British Journal of Dermatology 2007: 157: 474-481. 14.Golfroushan F, Azimi H, Ali E T H. Comparison of Efficacy of Topical Combination Solution of Salicylic Acid% 2 and Erythromycin% 4 with Topical Solution of Erythromycin 4% Alone in Mild to Moderate Acne Vulgaris Treatment: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Health Services 2013: 34. 15.Zandi S, Shamsadini S, Zahedi M, et al. Helicobacter pylori and rosacea. Eastern Mediterranean health journal= La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale= al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 2002: 9: 167-171. 16.Hernando-Harder A C, Booken N, Goerdt S, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and dermatologic diseases. European Journal of Dermatology 2009: 19: 431-444. 17.Elà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ khalawany M, Mahmoud A, Mosbeh A S, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in common rosacea subtypes: a genotypic comparative study of Egyptian patients. The Journal of dermatology 2012: 39: 989-995. 18.Bhattarai S, Agrawal S, Rijal A, et al. The study of prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with acne rosacea. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2014: 10: 49-52. 19.Prelipcean C C, Mihai C, Gogălniceanu P, et al. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2006: 111: 575-583. 20.Yousefi L, Ghotaslou R, Akhi M T, et al. Frequency of Helicobacter pylori blood-group antigen-binding adhesion 2 and sialic acid binding adhesion genes among dyspeptic patients in Tabriz, Iran: H. pylori babA2 and sabA genes. Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine 2015: 3. 21.Salehi M R, Aboei M S, Naghsh N, et al. A comparison in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the gingival crevicular fluid from subjects with periodontitis and healthy individuals using polymerase chain reaction. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2013: 7: 238. 22.Szlachcic A. The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2002: 16: 328-333. 23.Tà ¼zà ¼n Y, Keskin S, Kote E. The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in skin diseases: facts and controversies. Clinics in dermatology 2010: 28: 478-482. 24.DakoviĆ¡ Z, VesiĆ¡ S, VukoviĆ¡ J, et al. Ocular rosacea and treatment of symptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection: a case series. Acta dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica, et Adriatica 2007: 16: 83-86. 25.Mayr-Kanhà ¤user S, Krà ¤nke B, Kaddu S, et al. Resolution of granulomatous rosacea after eradication of Helicobacter pylori with clarithromycin, metronidazole and pantoprazole. European journal of gastroenterology hepatology 2001: 13: 1379-1383. 26.Wilkin J, Dahl M, Detmar M, et al. Standard grading system for rosacea: report of the National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the classification and staging of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004: 50: 907-912. 27.Chisholm S A, Watson C L, Teare E L, et al. Non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adult dyspeptic patients by stool antigen detection: does the rapid immunochromatography test provide a reliable alternative to conventional ELISA kits? Journal of medical microbiology 2004: 53: 623-627. 28.Kyriakis K P, Palamaras I, Terzoudi S, et al. Epidemiologic aspects of rosacea. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: 53: 918-919. 29.Tan J, Berg M. Rosacea: Current state of epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: 69: S27-S35. 30.McAleer M A, Fitzpatrick P, Powell F C. Papulopustular rosacea: Prevalence and relationship to photodamage. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2010: 63: 33-39. 31.Abram K, Silm H, Oona M. Prevalence of Rosacea in an Estonian Working Population Using a Standard Classification. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2010: 90: 269-273. 32.Argenziano G, Donnarumma G, Arnese P, et al. Incidence of antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Helicobacter pylori and antià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ CagA antibodies in rosacea patients. International journal of dermatology 2003: 42: 601-604. 33.Abram K, Silm H, Maaroos H I, et al. Risk factors associated with rosacea. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2010: 24: 565-571. 34.Rojo-Garcia J M, Munoz-Perez M A, Escudero J, et al. Helicobacter pylori in rosacea and chronic urticaria. Acta dermato-venereologica 2000: 80: 156-157. 35.Bamford J T, Tilden R L, Blankush J L, et al. Effect of treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection on rosacea. Archives of dermatology 1999: 135: 659-663. 36.Herr C, Hee You C. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and Rosacea. J Korean Med Sci 2000: 15: 551-554. 37.El-khalawany M, Mahmoud A, Mosbeh A-S, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori in common rosacea subtypes: A genotypic comparative study of Egyptian patients. The Journal of Dermatology 2012: 39: 989-995. Tables: Table 1. Demographic information about patients with positive H. pylori stool antigen (%) Variables Patients with* P value + HPA without rosacea (N=705) +HPA with rosacea (N=167) Age (years old) 54.38 ±10.71 43.21 ±9.84 Gender 337 (47.81%) female, 368 (52.19%) male 95 (56.89%) female, 72 (43.11%) male 0.03 Marital status Single, Divorced or widowed (643(91.2%)), Married (62(8.8%)) Single, Divorced or widowed (145 (86.82%)), Married (22 (13.18%)) 0.1 +HPA: Positive H. pylori antigen * U Mann-Whitney test was used. **Data are shown as Mean  ± Standard Deviation and number (%) Table 2. Rosacea Duluth grading of patients at day 0, 60 and 180 of trial (N=138)*. Variables Day 0 ** Day 60** Day 180** P value Primary Features Flushing 2.28  ± 0.71 2.02  ± 0.51 1.82  ± 0.52 Non-transient erythema 2.34  ± 0.54 1.9  ± 0.64 1.42  ± 0.72 Papules and pustules 1.8  ± 0.59 1.71  ±0.51 1.58  ± 0.52 Telangiectasia 1.78  ± 0.93 1.72  ±0.67 1.74  ± 0.84 <

Embryo Transfer :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Embryo transfer is the process of taking fertilized embryos from one animal and inserting them into another. This is very useful today in cattle, because now it is economically feasible and it allows the producer a greater number of offspring from one cow with desirable traits. The process starts normally by artificially inseminating the cow. Exactly seven days later, the uterus is flushed, and the embryos and ova. Next, the embryos will be isolated. The embryos are then inserted into the recipient cow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artificially inseminating the cow is the preferred way to fertilize the eggs in the donor cow. The cow should be inseminated at least three times at intervals of twelve hours, to insure fertilization. In preparation for AI, a shot of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) should be given to the cow to super-ovulate her. This causes more eggs to drop from the ovaries, allowing more embryos. Seven days after the cow is inseminated the third time, her uterus should be flushed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before flushing the cow, her posterior should be cleaned up as much as possible. After this is complete, an instrument known as the â€Å"introducer† is inserted into the vagina. The instrument is much like a long syringe with a plunger going through the center. The vet then will push his hand through the anus and guide the introducer along the cervix. The instrument is pushed through the cervix and into the uterus. Once it reaches the uterus, the plunger is pulled out and a catheter is inserted into the uterus, against the uterine horn, through the center of the introducer. The â€Å"cuff,† a small balloon type object, is inflated in the cow’s uterus, and a sodium based phosphate is released for lubrication. It is then pumped back through the introducer, and filtered by an embryo filter. The liquid caught by the filter is then examined to determine the number of good embryos. At this stage, the sex can even be determined. They are graded, the n placed in straws or frozen for later use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Implanting the embryos into the cow is done just like artificial insemination. The straw is inserted in the vagina, while the vet’s hand guides the straw through the cervix, and then released into the uterus. Success of the process can be determined one to three months later through palpation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The embryos can be stored safely at 37 degrees Fahrenheit for six-eight hours, however implanting as soon as possible is recommended for the best results.

Essay --

INTRODUCTION Double stranded breaks (DSB) occur frequently in eukaryotic cells. It can be caused by many factors such as ultra violet radiation, reactive oxygen species, ionizing radiation et cetera (Lieber,2010). DNA damage leads to rapid growth of tumor leading to cancer. Hence it is very important to repair it before the cell undergoes further division. Two mechanisms of repair system can occur in the cell – homologous recombination (HR) and non homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ). These repair systems along with their mechanism and the repair factors associated with it has been analyzed in this paper. In order for repair factors to access the DNA that are packaged, chromatin remodelers are essential to open the DNA. One way of DNA being packaged is to wrap around a structure known as nucleosome. Thus, the authors have focused on the disscociation of nucleosome and the role of chromatin remodeler during the process of nonhomologous and homologous repair. Experiments were conducted to det ermine whether nucleolin,a protein with chaperone activity, works as a chromatin remodeler and promotes dissociation of histones from nucleosome in areas of double stranded break. In addition to this, further investigation was done to determine its role in recruitment of repair factors. During transcription, chromatin remodelers such as switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) and facilitates chromatin transportation (FACT) eliminates H2A/H2B dimer allowing transcription factor to interact with DNA (Belotserkovskaya,2003). Experiments involving knockdown of FACT subunit was conducted to test whether nucleolin has â€Å"FACT-like histone chaperone activity† due to its role in H2A/H2B dimer removal in areas of double strand breaks. If the results of knoc... ... MRN complex. In addition to this, nucleolin is a vital component for recruiting repair factors like XRCC4, RPA 32 et cetera. Absence of nucleolin not only affects nucleosome disassembly but decreases the efficiency of double stranded break repair. Hence, this paper allowed further analysis of the different repair systems that occur in DNA double stranded break site at different cell cycles and the recruitment of resultant repair factors. It not only expanded my knowledge of protein (nucleolin) structure and function, but also enhanced my ability to analyze the role the various components that are involved in repair system. Further analysis of recruitment of Asf1 and factors that affect the rate of nucleolin function can be performed in future. Understanding such mechanisms is useful to advance further in the field of medicine to prevent diseases caused by mutation.

Martin Luther King Speech

Martin Luther King Speech 1. Type of Document: Speech 2. 8/28/1963 3. Martin L. King 4. Black People 5. Document Information A. List three things the author said that you think are important: 1. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. 2.Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds. † But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. 3. So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. B. I think the document was written to specifically address not just black Americans but to p eople of all faiths, colors and persuasions.Martin Luther King Jr. knew that they were all in need of liberation from the cruel customs and habits of the nation’s past, which held back every one of another, no matter what the circumstances were or us in one way. C. â€Å" The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny and their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom†D. 1. The document states that when The Emancipation Proclamation was signed, it was the opening of new hope to millions of Negro slaves and was to put an end to all slavery. 2. About a hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, the Negro was still not free. The life of the Negro was sadly crippled by segregation and discrimination. Whites cheated the Negros like absolute g arbage and it lead to them living in poverty and in exile in his own land.E. Where there any Negros backs in the time when segregation was a major conflict that had some advantages over other Negros? F. Martin Luther King’s most famous speech draws heavily on his theological education and his superior command of the art of rhetoric. King basically starts out by pointing out that the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, which ended slavery in all the southern states and then from there he moves on to discuss the â€Å"check† of freedom.He then states that the check has been returned due to insufficient funds which basically means that, â€Å"We the people refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. † King final lines of his speech comes back to his introductory idea, that even though black people were freed of slavery in 1865 when the Emancipatio n Proclamation was signed, they never actually have been free people.

A Study On Dialogue And Learning Education Essay

Dialogue has been recognized as the most noteworthy illustration of Western literature by Plato since 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC ; . In Grecian and Indian literature, peculiarly the ancient art of rhetoric, it is historically beginnings as narrative, philosophical or educational device. The duologue has been used to learn a scope of topics, including doctrine, logic, rhetoric, and mathematics. Dialogue ( the Greek DIA for through and logos for word ) can be defined to include legion communicative Acts of the Apostless includes conversation, talk, communicating, interchange, discourse, statement, chat, chitchat, colloquy, every bit good as treatment, argument, exchange of positions, tete-a-tete, audience, conference, meeting, interview, inquiry and reply session, and dialogues ( New Oxford Thesaurus of English 2000 ) . Dialogic acquisition can happen in any educational state of affairs and contains an of import potency for societal transmutation.[ 2 ]Assorted parts to Dialogic acquisition has been developed on many positions and subjects such as, P. Freire, 1970 on the theory of Dialogic action, G. Wells, 1999 looking for the Dialogic enquiry attack, J. Habermas, 1984 with the theory of communicative action, M. Bakhtin, 1981, the impression of Dialogic imaginativeness, and Soler, 2004, the dialogical ego. Among those, there are many more modern-day writers on Dialogic constructs, J. Mezirow, 1990, 1991, 2000 transformative larning theory, M. Fielding 2001, pupils as extremist agents of alteration, T. Koschmann, 1999 emphasizes the possible advantages of following dialogicality as the footing of instruction, Anne C. Hargrave, 2000 shows that kids in Dialogic-learning in vocabulary. Specifically, the construct of Dialogic acquisition ( Flecha, 2000 )[ 3 ]evolved from the probe and observation of how people learn both outside and interior of schools, when moving and larning freely is allowed.The theoryThe construct of Dialogic acquisition is non new. In the book Mind and Society, 1962, Vygotsky argued that kids larn how to utilize be aftering map of their linguistic communication efficaciously and their psychological field alterations basically. He argued that a kid begins to get the hang his milieus with the aid of address prior to get the hanging his ain behaviour. He claimed that the creative activity of these alone homo signifiers of behaviour which finally produced the rational productive work with the usage of tools. This was described in his observations of kids in an experimental state of affairs showed that kids non merely move in trying to accomplish a end but besides speak. This address arose spontaneously and continued about without break throughout the experiment. He claimed that it seems that both natural and necessary for kids to talk while they act. Respectively, Vygotsky drew the same sort of differentiation between the ‘spontaneous ‘ construct of mundane acquisition and the ‘scientific ‘ construct of the schoolroom.[ 4 ]Vygotsky, 1962 argues that the origin of a self-generated construct can normally be traced to a face-to-face meeting with a concrete state of affairs, while a scientific construct involves from the first a ‘mediated ‘ attitude towards it object. Paulo Reglus Neves Freire ( 1921-1997 ) , 1970 theory of Dialogic action 1921 -1997 was a Brazilian pedagogue and influential theoretician of critical teaching method.[ 5 ]He was an educationalist known for developing popular instruction ; he puts duologue as a type of teaching method.[ 6 ]Freire argued that duologue as a agency of democratising instruction ( Freire 1972, 1999 ) . Dialogue communicating allowed pupils and instructors to larn from one another in an environment characterized by regard and equality. He advocates himself to back up suppressed people with their public presentation or application of accomplishments that is informed and linked to their values, by executing and using their accomplishments in order to do teaching method for a more thickening apprehension and doing positive alterations to them. He states that human nature is Dialogic, and he believes that communicating has a prima function in people ‘s life. Dialogue is a claim in favour of the democrati c pick of pedagogues and scholars. The end of the Dialogic action is ever to uncover the truth interacting with others and the universe. He claimed that we are continually in duologue with others and it is in that procedure that we create and recreate ourselves. Besides, in order to advance free and critical acquisition, he insists that we should make the conditions for duologue that encourages the epistemic wonder of the scholar. The Russian philosopher, literary critic, semiotician and bookman who worked on literary theory, moralss, and the doctrine of linguistic communication, Mikhail M. Bakhtin, 1981, distinguishes the impression of Dialogic imaginativeness. He has theorized duologue in stressing the power of discourse to increase apprehension of multiple positions and make countless possibilities.[ 7 ]Bakhtin argued that duologue creates a new apprehension of a state of affairs that demands alteration as relationships and connexions exist among all living existences.[ 8 ]His construct of dialogism states a relation between linguistic communication, interaction, and societal transmutation. Holquist, 1990 described Bakhtin ‘s Hagiographas on dialogicality are profound and stand for a substantial displacement from predominating positions on the nature of linguistic communication and cognition[ 9 ]. Bakhtin established that there is a demand of making significances in a Dialogic manner with other people .[ 10 ]He believed that person does non be outside duologue. The construct of duologue itself establishes the being of the â€Å" other † individual. It is through duologue that the â€Å" other † can non be silenced or excluded. Bakhtin claimed that significances are created in the procedures of contemplation between people. He describes, we use the same significances subsequently in conversations with others, where those significances get better and even change as we obtain new significances. Therefore, when we talk, we learn something. In this sense, every clip that we talk about something that we have read about, seen or felt ; we are really reflecting the duologues we have had with others, demoing the significances that we have created in the old duologues with others. That said, duologue can non be separated from the positions of others: larning derives from here with the single address and the corporate 1 is profoundly related to one ‘s life. Bakhtin asser ts that negotiations is a concatenation of duologues, he points that every duologue consequences from a old one and, at the same clip, every new duologue are traveling to be presented in future 1s. Fitz Simons, G. ( 1994 )[ 11 ]the â€Å" learning communities † , an educational undertaking which seeks societal and cultural transmutation of educational centres and their milieus through Dialogic acquisition, stressing classless duologue among all community members, including learning staff, pupils, households, entities, and voluntaries. Fitz Simons points out: â€Å" The demand to set up an ambiance of common regard and a feeling of community in which grownup scholars are encouraged to be independent scholars and to portion their expertness † ( p. 24-25, 1994 )Dialogic LearningFletcher, 2000 looks at the construct of Dialogic larning evolved from the probe and observation of how people learn both outside and interior of schools, when larning and moving freely is allowed. She describes unfastened duologue which derived from the position of Freire, 1997 engagement of all members of the community the acquisition communities as research shows that larning procedure take topographic point in different infinites of the scholars ‘ life regardless of the scholars ‘ age, and including the instruction staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities. The acknowledgment and regard of different types of cognition raise the consciousness that each individual has something to portion, something different and every bit of import. Therefore, the wider the diverseness of voices engaged in unfastened duologue, the better the cognition that can be dialogically constructed. Fletcha puts as†¦ â€Å" [ Dialogic larning ] lead to the transmutation of instruction centres into larning communities where all the people and groups involved enter into relationships with each other. In this manner, the environment is transformed, making new cognitive development and greater societal and educational equality. † ( p. 24 ) Edward and Mercer, 1987 emphasize that the ‘dialogue ‘ construct is ‘ground regulations of conversation ‘ because it operates as inexplicit sets of regulations for acting in peculiar sorts of state of affairs which participants normally take for granted[ 12 ]. ( Edward and Mercer, 1987 ) In 2007, Mercer and Littleton ‘s argues that ‘talk ‘ is non merely the mediating means for back uping single development, but instead that ways of thought are embedded in ways of utilizing linguistic communication. This ‘talk ‘ is more emphatic on as a valuable, societal manner of thought, non merely larning. They argue that scholars engage and interact with others may hold a profound and digesting impact on their accomplishment and rational development.[ 13 ]They further argue that ‘learning ‘ and ‘development ‘ are two footings that related and have both been used in a great trade. Learning is frequently in the company of ‘teaching ‘ . These two words are required to name upon the sorts of cognitive and rational alterations in kids ‘s acquisition. He asserts that ‘learning ‘ is usually associated with the gaining of cognition and the acquisition of some fact or accomplishment. It invokes thoughts of some kind of growing, the outgrowth of a new entity and the reaching of a new province of personal businesss. A subscriber to Mercer and Littleton, Chris Watkins, 2003 ( A bookman in instruction and acquisition ) has distinguished three influential constructs of acquisition: Learning is being taught, larning is the single sense devising, acquisition is constructing cognition with others.[ 14 ] Harry Daniel 2001 claims that schoolroom talk or duologue mediates non merely learning and larning but besides the wider civilization.[ 15 ]He claims that worlds are seen as animals who have a alone capacity for communicating and whose lives are usually led within groups, communities and societies based on shared ways of utilizing linguistic communication, ways of thought, societal patterns and tools for acquiring things done. Daniels emphasizes that such talk, must non be regarded as simple ‘interaction ‘ , but narrowly regarded and bounded by the immediateness of the larning undertaking in manus. Similarly, the Dialogic enquiry attack by Gordon Wells, 1999[ 16 ], Wells argues that schoolroom duologue has been proposed as a method of presenting critical instruction ( Wells 1999, Alro & A ; Skovsmose 2002 ) â€Å" Dialogic enquiry † is an educational attack that acknowledges the dialectic relationship between the person and the society, and an attitude for geting cognition through communicative interactions. Wells points out that the sensitivity for â€Å" Dialogic enquiry † depends on the features of the acquisition environments, and that is why it is of import to reorganise them into contexts for collaborative action and interaction. Wells defines â€Å" enquiry † non as a method but as a sensitivity for oppugning, seeking to understand state of affairss join forcesing with others with the aim of happening replies. Wells farther argues that Dialogic enquiry non merely enriches persons ‘ cognition but besides transforms it, guaranting the endurance o f different civilizations and their capacity to transform themselves harmonizing to the demands of every societal minute. Wells claims that Dialogic enquiry non merely enriches persons ‘ cognition but besides transforms it, guaranting the endurance of different civilizations and their capacity to transform themselves harmonizing to the demands of every societal minute. Education is seen as a Dialogic procedure, with pupils and instructors working together within scenes that reflect the values and societal patterns of schools as cultural establishments. Alro & A ; Skovsmose, 2002 relate duologue to the larning procedure by property three indispensable belongingss to the impression of duologue ; doing an enquiry, running a hazard and keeping equality.[ 17 ]These indispensable belongingss must be characteristic of the scene of interaction in order for a â€Å" acquisition † duologue to happen. Making an enquiry means learner researching what he does non yet cognize and sharing the desire to derive new experiences. For an enquiry to be Dialogic it must be unfastened to participants conveying their ain positions rooted in their backgrounds into the enquiry. Learners must besides be willing to suspend their ain positions in order to see the positions of others and in jointing these positions new and more insightful positions might come into positi on. For that ground, Dialogic is running a hazard in the ambiguity and uncertainness of the duologue procedure. Learners to a duologue propose other people ‘s positions, nevertheless voyaging in a landscape of probe means that there are no pre-established replies to energetic inquiries. Therefore â€Å" duologue includes risk-taking both in an epistemic and an emotional sense † . In other words scholars to a duologue will be challenged on their cognition every bit good as their emotions. In order for participants to stay in the Dialogic procedure it must be ensured that the uncertainness ne'er appears excessively uncomfortable. They claim that duologue could so keep equality by proposing that scholars are engaged at a degree of para. Parity in this sense does non equal sameness but instead equity. Learners may come in the duologue in different capacities and being equal therefore comes to depend on the ability of scholars to encompass and accept diverseness ( Alro & A ; Skovsmose, 2002 ) . After old ages of research conducted in several states ; India, USA, France, Italy and England with a squad of research workers, Robin Alexander 2004[ 18 ]has put talk as the outstanding component for effectual thought and learning demand for kids. He has distinguished talk for a typical pedagogical attack called ‘Dialogic learning ‘ . He argues that linguistic communication and idea are closely related, and the extent and mode of kids ‘s cognitive development depend to a considerable grade on the signifiers and contexts of linguistic communication which they have encountered and used. This new attack demands both pupil battle and instructor intercession by which students actively prosecute and instructors constructively intervene is through talk.Dialogue and Higher degree of EducationFor higher educational degree, Diana Laurillard, 2002 puts a Dialogic acquisition model as ‘Conversational Framework ‘ . This model supports assorted media signifiers such as narrative, synergistic, adaptative, communicative and productive. The thought of a colloquial model, is used to specify the acquisition procedure for higher instruction and so to construe the extent to which new engineering can back up and heighten high degree conceptual acquisition. She describes that larning must be dianoetic and the instructor should be tie ining learning and larning procedure with the universe. Laurillard asserts that larning engineerings must accomplish their full potency for transforming larning experience. Laurillard argues that the faculty members ; Universities, Institutions, colleges, schools etc. Should get down with an apprehension of how pupils learn, and they should plan and utilize the Conversational Framework and the acquisition engineerings from this point of view to familiarise a better acquisition scheme for university instruction. Laurillard ‘s thought is barely new as she quoted Paul Ramsden ‘s statement that instruction is a kind of conversation. Respectively, Kolb ‘s ‘learning rhythm ‘ ( Kolb, 1984 ) states that larning occurs through an iterative rhythm of experience followed by feedback, so reflected on to be used as revised action[ 19 ]. Gordon Pask, 1976 formalized the thought of larning as a conversation in conversation theory. This theory lays out the separation of ‘description ‘ and ‘model-building behaviours, and the definition of understanding as ‘determined by two degrees of understanding ‘ ( Ibid. 22 )[ 20 ]. This describes the feature of the learning – acquisition procedure is iterative ‘conversation ‘ . Besides schoolroom instruction, dialogue instruction is described as an attack to adult instruction by pedagogue, Jane Vella in the 1980 ‘s. This attack to education draws on assorted grownup larning theories, including those of Paulo Freire, Kurt Lewin, Malcolm Knowles and Benjamin Bloom ( Global Learning Partners, 2006b ; Vella, 2004 ) . It is a synthesis of these abstract theories into rules and patterns that can be applied in a concrete manner to larning design and facilitation. Dialogue instruction is a signifier of Constructivism and can be a agency for Transformative acquisition, ( Vella, 2004 ) . Dialogue instruction shifts the focal point of instruction from what the instructor says to what the scholar does, from learner passiveness to scholars as active participants in the duologue that leads to larning ( Global Learning Partners, 2006c ) . A duologue attack to education positions scholars as topics in their ain acquisition and awards cardinal rules such as common reg ard and unfastened communicating ( Vella, 2002 ) . Learners are invited to actively prosecute with the content being learned instead than being dependent on the pedagogue for larning. Ideas are presented to scholars as unfastened inquiries to be reflected on and integrated into the scholar ‘s ain context ( Vella, 2004 ) . The purpose is that this will ensue in more meaningful acquisition.DecisionSignificantly duologue and larning are two footings that ca n't stand by its ain without the other ‘s presence. It is now that the duty of this survey to analyze duologue and acquisition to a farther class of current new media nomadic engineering. How does kids doing usage of nomadic devices in the universe of nomadic engineering in this transmutation age of environment? How does larning so develop from these engineerings? Why does a kid today communicate so much with engineering? That said my hypothesis that the new media nomadic engineering has potential in easing the procedure of kids ‘s acquisition development. Do these engineerings provide acquisition tools which are able to supply important cognition development? Besides, Vygotsky and Vygotskian theory claimed that the acquisition tools are some sort of kids ‘s higher psychological maps of doing his or her interactions to their societal and moral development. As we all knew, these duologues are being created, learned and used by our kids enormously without our consciousness twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours in their universe of communications in synergistic nomadic engineerings. These duologues and larning are integrated with their hand-held appliances, computing machines and package, larning stuffs, playing the games in the practical universe. With the being of other characteristics ; design, sound and picture, picture taking, colourss, founts, information, and programming linguistic communication voyaging them throughout the lessons and plans. Our kids or scholars and members jointl y produce Dialogic cognition and take part in the definition of actions that lead to societal and educational alteration. Therefore, this research sees duologue and larning associates to the impression of Bakhtin dialogicality as duologue represents this senses where it mediates the new media that our kids to listen and watch. These duologues can take legion other signifiers such as: lupus erythematosus structured, more informal and more participatory than interviews or treatment groups, e.g. By promoting participants to put the docket for treatment and for the research worker to take an active function in the treatment instead than merely the function as a hearer. This attack will allow participants to the duologue a sense of equality and the freedom to convey into the duologue whichever subject they deem relevant. Inviting research participants in the reading procedure at the same time embrace a Dialogic epistemology acknowledging the value of negociating, reflecting and construing with the end of common apprehension and relationship edifice. Therefore, in this survey we need to contract our apprehension of duologue and turn to the inquiry of the part of duologue in the synergistic Mobile engineerings in the kids ‘s psychological acquisition development. In the acquisition communities, it is basica lly the engagement of all members of the community because, as research shows, larning procedures, irrespective of the scholars ‘ age, and including the instruction staff, depend more on the coordination among all the interactions and activities that take topographic point in different infinites of the scholars ‘ life, like school, place, and workplace, so merely on interactions and activities developed in infinites of formal acquisition, such as schoolrooms. Along these lines, the â€Å" learning communities † undertaking aims at multiplying larning contexts and interactions with the aim of all participants making higher degrees of development ( Vygotsky, 1978 )[ 21 ].