Linear Model of Communication Essay

It is a one way model to communicate with others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. Draw backs – the linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication. It also displays no feedback from the receiver. †¢ For example; a letter, email, text message, lecture. There are two main linear model which are used to explain the human communication process. They are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Shannon and Weaver Model (1949) The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise. The noise could also mean the absence of signal. †¢ Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication. The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars. Shannon – Weaver Model Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916- February 24,2001) was an American mathematician, electronic engineer and cryptographer.He is known as â€Å"the father of information theory†. He was a student of Michigan University. He was a graduate in both engineering and mathematics. He worked in Bell laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies.He got IEEE Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize, Harvey Prize awards. [pic] Warren Weaver (July 17, 1894- Nov 24, 1978) was an American Scientist, Mathematician and Science administrator.He is widely recognized as one of the pioneers of machine translator and as important figure in creating support for science in US. He was a student of University of Wisconsin- Madison. Introduction: Shannon- Weaver model is mother of all model in communication. The theory based on how a concept goes to a place from another. It is also known as mathematical theory of communication. Shannon published â€Å"A Mathematical Theory of Communication† article in two parts in the July and October numbers of the â€Å"Bell System Technical Journal† in 1949. The book co-authored with Weaver â€Å"The Mathematical Theory of Communication† reprints Shannon’s article. Later Weaver explained the model and popularized it. Formula: C = W log2(1+S/N) where, C – Channel capacity W – Bandwith S – Signal level N – Noise power This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between sender and receiver. Also they find factors which affecting the communication process called â€Å"Noise†. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical communication. Later it’s widely applied in the field of Communication. Communication model: The process of Shannon- Weaver model is as below †¦ †¦ †¦ [pic]Some key points of this model are given below †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Information source chooses desired message among a set of possible messages which can be mixture of any form of written or spoken, image or sound. †¢ Transmitter changes the message into the signal, also known as encoder. †¢ Message is the thing which is sent and received and all communication is about. †¢ Channel is the path that message passes through from the transmitter to the receiver. †¢ Receiver is the reverse transmitter which changes the signal back into the message, also known as decoder. †¢ Destination is the target place of the transmitted message. †¢ Noise is any unwanted additions to the transmitted signal which cause distortion or error in transmission. [pic] Shannon Weaver model of communication Requirments: There are eight (08) requirments of Shannon- Weaver model. They are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Source †¢ Encoder †¢ Message †¢ Channel †¢ Decoder †¢ Reciever †¢ Noise †¢ Feedback Example: Mr. Khan made call to his assistant â€Å"come here I want to see you†. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant received â€Å"I want† only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) â€Å"what do you want Mr. Khan?†. Sender : Mr. Khan Encoder : Telephone (Mr. Khan) Channel : Cable Noise : Distraction in voice Reception : Telephone (Assistant) Receiver : Assistant. Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand Thomson’s messages. Criticism: There are also criticism of Shannon- Weaver model. †¢ One of the simplest model and its general applied in various communication theories. †¢ The model which attracts both academics of Human communication and Information theorist to leads their further research in communication. †¢ It’s more effective in person-to-person communication than group or mass audience. †¢ The model based on â€Å"Sender and Receiver†. Here sender plays the primary role and receiver plays the secondary role (receive the information or passive). †¢ Communication is not a one way process. If it’s behaved like that, it will lose its strength. For example: Audience or receiver who listening a radio, reading the books or watching television is a one way communication because absence of feedback. †¢ Understanding Noise will helps to solve the various problems in communication. Conclusion: Basically Shannon made this model not for the human communication. Rather he conceived the mediated communication, to be explicit the very phony conversation. Later human communication scholars began to use it to explain the unmediated human communication, as it is very simple and not far away. Berlo’s SMCR Model [pic] Dr. David K. Berlo (1929- 1996) was an American communication experts. He is called as â€Å"the father of modern mass communication†. Dr. Berlo explained his model as an expansion of Shannon- Weaver model in 1960 in his book â€Å"The Process of Communication†. He was a professor of department of communication, Michigan State University (MSU). Introduction: The model of David Berlo is known as â€Å"Berlo’s SMCR model†. The meaning of SMCR is †¦ †¦ †¦ Source Message Channel Reciever Communication Model: [pic] Elements of communication S – Source The source in other words also called the sender is the one from whom the thought originates. He is the one who transfers the information to the receiver after carefully putting his thoughts into words. It is done with the help of †¦ †¦ †¦ ââ€" ª Communication Skills ââ€" ª Attitude ââ€" ª Knowledge ââ€" ª Social System ââ€" ª Culture M – Message When an individual converts his thoughts into words, a message is created. The process is also called as Encoding. Any message further comprises of the following elements: ââ€" ª Content ââ€" ª Element ââ€" ª Treatment ââ€" ª Structure ââ€" ª Code C – Channel Channel actually refers to the medium how the information flows from the sender to the receiver. Some are †¦ †¦ †¦ †¢ Hearing. †¢ Tasting. †¢ Seeing. †¢ Smelling. †¢ Touching. All the five senses are the channels which help human beings to communicate with each other. R – Receiver When the message reaches the receiver, he tries to understand what the listener actually wants to convey and then responds accordingly. This is also called as decoding. The receiver should be on the same platform as the speaker for smooth flow of information and better understanding of the message. He should possess good communication skills to understand what the speaker is trying to convey. He should have the right attitude to understand the message in a positive way. His knowledge should also be at par with the listener and must know about the subject. He should also be from the same social and cultural background just like the speaker. [pic] Example of SMCR model Weak Point: †¢ No feedback †¢ More unilinear Strong Point: †¢ Save money †¢ Save time †¢ Easy to pass †¢ Repeatation †¢ Replication Conclusion: Though there is no feedback but Berlo’s SMCR model has a in development communication.

How to Shoot a Free Throw

Shooting free throws can be the easiest way to score points and lead your team to victory, or it can be stressful and embarrassing. Bad free throw shooting can even cost your team the game! The most important way to make free throws is shooting consistently. To obtain consistency, a player must always practice his form. By doing so, the free throw shooter will gain confidence and will see an increase in the number of free throws he can make. The free throw form should be the same form used for shooting jump shots. 1.First, Position your feet shoulder-width apart. The main foot should be positioned right behind the free throw line, while the other foot is positioned a couple of inches behind the free throw line. The main foot matches your handedness. If you are right-handed, then your right foot will be dominant at the free throw line. 2. Secondly, your legs should be slightly bent at the knee. 3. Thirdly, your dominant hand should be used to cradle the ball from underneath, with the other hand positioned on the side of the basketball for guidance and stability. 4.Fourthly, the ball should be positioned at about chest height, beneath the chin. 5. Fifthly, your dominant arm should form a C shape, with the ball perched atop the hand. 6. Next, the release motion should be smooth, as jerkiness will lead to inconsistent delivery from shot to shot. Your goal is to have the same movement every time you shoot a free throw. The release should flow from underneath the chin upwards and outwards. 7. Also, the wrist of your hand supporting the basketball should be snapped forward, applying backspin to the basketball as it is released.This should look as if the shooter is reaching above and in front of her head to steal cookies out of a cookie jar. 8. Finally, the shooter should find a routine that is comfortable for he/she and practice that routine so that it becomes second-nature. Only then can he/she obtain consistent success from the free-throw line. Remember that this is a classic free throw form. If your form is different, yet you can make a shot without difficulty and yield success each time, remember the old saying: if it isn’t broke, don't fix it! Good luck and remember to practice!

Letter to the ceo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter to the ceo - Essay Example f the most important benefit of CMM approach is the fact that this approach is evolutionary in nature therefore has the necessary flexibility as well as robustness which allow to improve upon the process of overall software development. Accordingly, there are five maturity levels of the CMM model. All these levels carry forward the process of software development in a systematic way emphasizing the need for continuously improving processes.(Garner, 2001). It is important to mention that one of the greatest benefits of the CMM approach is the fact that the processes it focus on the need for bringing in more institutionalization in the whole process of software development. (Wiegers, 1996). If the process of institutionalization i.e. reflection of the practices and processes to be applied across the software organization, does not support the process of software development, the whole point of applying CMM would go awry and the approach may not yield the desired results for the organization. As discussed above that the CMM has defined 5 different maturity levels for the process with each level having different requirements to fulfill to achieve the desired level of quality in the software development process. At the initial or first level, the success largely depends upon the individual efforts as the processes adopted at this stage are considered as non repeatable therefore they may not be easily replicated. However, as the software development process transforms itself into the next phase or maturity level, the process can be repeated as till now the main project management techniques should have been clearly defined and outlined. What is difficult however is the fact that as the process goes into the next stage; it starts to become more complex in nature. Organisations usually find it difficult to follow the process and bring the required changes into its overall organizational process. This becomes further complicated when the issues of measurement as well as

Adult Educator Interview and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Adult Educator Interview and Paper - Essay Example trial trainer obtained a post graduate diploma in industrial training arming him with relevant skills to offer excellent industrial training to employees. He began practicing human resource management in the company before being charged with industrial training responsibility following greater educational achievements. From my findings, the students being adults in most cases, the trainer employs adragogical techniques such as letting the students take control so as to feel the independence in the learning process. He encourages the sense of self direction. He also uses the learners experience to facilitate the learning process through quoting examples which any other person in class could share. For instance, asking the trainees, "could anyone share his experience with an indiscipline employee?" Kohn Kim, e-mail message to author November 6, 2012. The other way is through the adoption of two way and three way communication where students may communicate among themselves and with him. One of the models that I realized was being utilized by the instructor was the Hannifin and Peck design model. Here there were three phases involved. It begun from the point of evaluation then designing of a proper structure followed by development and implementation of instructions as may be relevant. The main reasoning in this case was evaluation and revision. The other model adopted by the instructor was the ADDIE model where analysis came as the first step. This was followed by designing then development and implementation. A final step was evaluation. Sutherland (1998) argues that; most adult students exhibit autonomy where the sense of control is extremely high. These students are also more goals oriented than otherwise. They strive to achieve their aims at all times. According to Wodlinger (2007), adults prefer practical knowledge where they become competent and master of basic concepts under study. They embrace learning by experience considering their wealth of knowledge.

Measure understand and knowing of cloud computing services Essay

Measure understand and knowing of cloud computing services - Essay Example It also makes the routine computation works, far easier so, undoubtedly cloud computing can be a constructive support for organizations. This report will discuss in detail about the basic concepts of cloud computing, different types of cloud computing services, cloud computing service providers, advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing. Cloud computing is an internet based computing technology that involves a large number of collective resources. The term ‘cloud’ refers to the internet. Instead of relying on a single personal computer or a local server for their applications like data processing, storage, and others, organizations can make use of the cloud computing services that involves a number of remote servers for this purpose (Beal, n. d.). Also applications can be accomplished more efficiently using cloud computing rather than using conventional personal devices (Gordon and Marchesini, 2010).The purpose of cloud computing is to have abundant and easier access to the internet so that, retrieval and working on data is possible from anywhere across the world (Gordon and Marchesini, 2010).The services offered by cloud computing service providers can be broadly classified into three categories. They are software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (Paas), and Infrastructure as a service (Iaas) . Let us see in detail about all the above mentioned types with real examples for each type. Software as a service (SaaS) render web services to the clients who access the applications that are accomplished by third party vendors through the interface provided by them. Special installations or downloads are not required for this purpose and applications can be run using the web browsers directly (â€Å"Understanding the cloud,† 2013). SaaS exhibits certain characteristics which are discussed further. SaaS offer access to commercial software through the web.

Supply Chain Information Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Information Management - Assignment Example This paper evaluates the Amazon’s distribution channel and its evolution. Amazon started in 1994 as a book store that was launched by Jeff Bezos and it took its shape of the Amazon.com since then. Notably, Amazon was initiated on a value proposition anchored on four dimensions. The four dimensions helped Jeff Bezos to focus on service to the customer, the price, selection and the convenience of the products and services it would offer online. The Amazon online inventory consisted of many items and this offered the customers a wide range of choices as compared to any physical store. Moreover, the website was constructed such that it kept the download period very low while offering platforms for reviews that were later used for its improvement. Originally, the online store was constructed such that customers for books would be satisfied by being supplied from the warehouse of Amazon while it enjoyed its benefit of time and cost efficiencies. As such, the Amazon built several ten warehouses that were situated in ten states with least or no tax for sales (Jansen, Bernard, Amanda & Isak 2009). Amazon would then order books from the warehouses after customers had agreed to pay for them and hence low return costs. After a period of time, the Amazon warehouses were increased worldwide and also the number of products stored in the warehouses increased. The products in the warehouse were well kept and computerized so that the number lines of a product in the warehouse matched those of the product stocked online. When a customer ordered a product, for example, a book, automatically the order mentioned the title of the product and then a barcode. As a result of this process, computers would then signal the workers that a particular product was not supposed to be on the shelf and then they would verify the order and pick it for parceling. Currently, the distribution channel

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) Essay

Risk Management (Firms and organisations within the healthcare sector) - Essay Example Upon questioning our Chief Information Officer regarding risk assessment and management in our organization, I was informed that we had a very well-developed system in place, one whose efficiency and effectiveness were an outcome of trial and error. At the end of the 20th century, we have witnessed the massive transition from isolated, disconnected computers to networked computer clusters all over the world. At present time, there are an estimated 250 million networked hosts world-wide (Telcordia, 2002). This global pervasive connectivity has been a boon for consumers, businesses and governments alike due to the ease, convenience and speed of electronic data exchange. However, the ease of use and relative anonymity that the Internet affords has been leveraged by criminal elements, as well. Indeed, no private, commercial or government agency is completely safe or has been unaffected by the proliferation of this kind of cyber-crime. E-Commerce Times reported that the ILOVEYOUvirus affected 45 million hosts and inflicted monetary damages to the tune of estimated $2.6 billion (Enos, 2000). The infamous Melissa macro virus caused an estimated $300 million in damage in 1999 and several prominent e-commerce sites were hit by Distribut ed Denial of Service attacks in the beginning of 2000 (Committee on Science, 2000). The estimated worldwide damage caused by automated digital attacks over $30 billion for 2002 (Economic Damage, 2002). These estimated damage figures have to be taken with a grain of salt, but the trend is clear. Moreover, in just a dozen years' time, the propagation speed, as well as the estimated damages has increased by five, and two orders of magnitude, respectively. The healthcare organization in question has been affected by both viruses and DoS attacks. As the Chief Information Officer noted, each virus or DoS incident proved extremely costly, whether calculated in terms of financial loss or the cost of resolving the problem. Therefore, to prevent, or limit, the possibility of future attacks, the organization has adopted a rather comprehensive information security framework. Key components of this framework, according to the CIO, are risk assessment and risk management. 3 Risk Assessment Risk is commonly defined as the product of probability and severity of adverse effects, and the most common approach to quantify risk is a single figure - its expected value [Hai98, p. 29]. Mathematically speaking, given a random variable with probability function and loss function , the expected risk value in the discrete case is equal to . It is apparent that these are generic probability weighed averaging formulas. As further explained by the CIO, its semantic specialization into an expected value of risk occurs through the loss function. The unit of the expected risk value is the unit used by the loss function and could be downtime, cost, credibility, etc. As a preliminary example, the simplified risk of attack consequences on a host that is running one application is shown in the table below: Hypothetical Risk Confronted by the Healthcare

Station Nightclub Fire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Station Nightclub Fire - Research Paper Example Station night club has a by complex layout of the club and the bar section and has small entrances and exits. The complexity of the club’s architectural structures contributed to the loss of substantial lives during the fire incident in 2003. The fire incident happened during the time when the club’s management had scheduled a filming session concerning fire safety in clubs. This session was scheduled to conduct public lessons on fire issues after a crowd management issue that had claimed some lives at another club within the island. In the process of conducting the exercise, the club’s management allowed the use of pyrotechnic devises to demonstrate the practical aspects of the lesson. The pyrotechnic flames ended up igniting the flammable materials at the platform part of the club which eventually caused the spread of the fire the other sections of the club. The incident that led to the ignition of flames to the spread of fire inside the club took approximately 6 minutes. This short period instilled panic to the clubbers who in turn struggled to exit the building. Their efforts to move out of the club were hindered by the stampede that ensued at both the escape routes and the main entrance of the club. Few minutes after the fire, the whole club was covered in flames while the people were still struggling to free themselves. 10 minutes after the fire, the club’s fire management team and the fire rescue team initiated their efforts to put out the fire. However, their efforts to rescue the trapped club members were unsuccessful given the fact that the fire had reached its full blown stage. The aftermath of the incident was characterized by immediate review of the codes applied by the company in fire incidences. This process entailed reviewing of the codes by the NFPA and initiation of a research project to test the efficiencies of the codes that were in existence before the fire (Barry, 2010). Among the codes that were addressed after the fire

Civil Liberties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Liberties - Essay Example He was instructed by Supreme Court to put down his website after being convicted of murdering police officials (Salakhan n.p). Such measure was taken to ensure that opinions of judiciary were not influenced by external factors and remained bias-free. However, restricting free flow of information and only making limited facts available results in ineffective decisions. Depriving Al-Amin from his right of speech also gives rise to a probability that a general American is susceptible to abuse of power by authorities. It also raises a question if having different opinions (even unethical ones) makes infringement of freedom of speech legitimate. United States Courts have been visibly clear about what a free speech means. According to their version, freedom of speech includes not to speak, usage of black armbands by students, use of offensive words and phrases to convey political messages, contribution of money for political campaigns, advertising commercials products and to engage in symb olic speech. On the other hand, inciting actions that would harm others, making and distribution of obscene material would not be included in freedom of speech (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). ... The argument is constructed on a premise that Al-Amin’s speech was for political motives and collection of financial resources; and a dissemination of print material to general public via web. If the court considers use of web by Al-Amin to disseminate offensive material, their jurisdiction may appear valid under the laws governing censorship of web which is a restriction on availability of information that government considers to inappropriate (â€Å"Freedom Online† n.p). However, socialists perceive such restriction as an infringement of civil liberties. It is important to note that such restrictions would only reflect doctrines of those in power, having an impact on civil liberties. Furthermore, an imposition of authority results in lesser expression of one’s thoughts. Observing definition of permissible speech and its corroboration with criticism on censorship on web, it can be seen that Supreme Court’s decision of depriving Jamil Al-Amin of expressing his opinion was an infringement of basic civil liberties. A critical analysis of these theoretical concepts indicates that infringement of civil liberty of a single citizen can be extended and replicated on others’ case as well. In Jamil’s case, the Supreme Court deprived him of expressing his opinion and also gathering funds for his cause which is also a classification of freedom of speech under Supreme Court’s definition (â€Å"What Does Free Speech† n.p). The first amendment itself celebrates difference of opinion and considers it a right of every American to express themselves while restricting Congress to cause any infringement. Such interference gives an undue dominance to state

ASSIGNMENT 2 Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

ASSIGNMENT 2 - Statistics Project Example ii) To the simple regression model in part (i), add the variables , rooms, baths, and age, where intst is distance from the home to the interstate, area is square footage of the house, land is the lot size in square feet, rooms is total number of rooms, baths is number of bathrooms, and age is age of the house in years. Now, what do you conclude about the effects of the incinerator? Explain why (i) and (ii) give conflicting results. The coefficient for the incinerator is 0.05539 showing a decrease from the previous value of 0.36488; addition of more relevant variables to the model results to a decrease in the coefficient value of the initial variable. Yes the square of  is significant when you add it to the model from part (iii); this is because we observe an increase in the value of adjusted R-squared from 0.7475 in part (ii) to 0.7642 in part (iii) a) Most households use air conditioning powered by electricity to cool down the house but use other forms of energy (gas, oil, etc.) to warm up the house. Given this piece of information, what would you predict for the sign and significance of the coefficients if electricity usage were regressed on a households heating requirements and cooling requirements? Run a regression of electricity usage (kwh) on heating degree-days (hd16) and cooling degree-days (cd16). Are your results consistent with your predictions? Test whether the coefficients are statistically different than each other at 1%. We would expect the electricity usage to go up during cooling as such the sign for the cooling would be positive. On the contrary, we would expect the electricity usage to come down during the heating and as such the sign for the heating is expected to be negative. The p-value for the test is 0.000 (a value less than 1% significance level), we therefore reject the null hypothesis and conclude that

Educational Policies of Nigeria and South Korea Essay Example for Free

Educational Policies of Nigeria and South Korea Essay Education has been the corner stone of the success of every economy. In terms of those countries which have been colonized and have adopted a government that was highly repressive in nature, one could significantly argue that such would post an effect to how education was being delivered, the degree of excellence of the aforementioned, the demands of the market and the availability of jobs, and finally its effects to the economy. This paper focuses on the educational history and policies of Nigeria and South Korea in relation to the British military government of the Nigerians and the Japanese occupation and the American military government of the South Koreans. These policies and norms are then significantly related to their employment systems and its effect on their economy. The objectives of this essay are the following: 1. To establish a brief account of the educational policies and norms of Nigeria and South Korean and significantly identify its relationship to the military government. 2. To significantly identify the effects of the educational policies and norms in relation to the availability of jobs to the citizens and consequently the continuous demands of the market for such jobs; and finally 3. To know the effects of educational excellence, jobs availability and demands to the sustainable development of an economy. Review of Related Literature Education and Military Government in Nigeria One of the major constitutional changes that happened to the government of Nigeria was in 1953, a few years after the World War II. Such a change took effect through the London Conference attended by both Nigerian and Colonial officials which places the country under the rule of a Governor General, having the aforementioned the leader of the three principle regions of the country. Such a change of the name of positions was a way for the British regime to increase the autonomous powers of the country thereby making education vested at the local level, which is in accordance with the aim of unifying the region (Patterson, 1955, p. 94). Education, other than representation and taxation was one of the autonomous areas of governance that is designated to the central government. As such it is with this respect that the government had ordered that the youth of Nigeria regardless of any region should be given sound and uniform standards of performance (p. 95). The objective of this educational policy is to have the youth fully prepared on their primary and secondary education so as to enable them to take higher education both inside and outside of the country. Within the new constitution, 34 subjects or areas of concern were given to the federal government to oversee. In addition with this, 14 subject areas were also created and delegated to the federal government to be administered to individual regions. Consequently, it has also been perceived that the successful implementation of these subjects could only happen if the individuals administering these areas were competent enough, hence resulting to the very high standards were implemented by the government in terms of employee recruitment (p. 5). Such a drive for the development of skills for the Nigerian youth resulted to the perceived shortness in terms of trained senior administrators and other technicians for various government and technical posts for the country. The federal government perceived that the shortage could only be remedied through higher education and long experience of the youth. At the end of 1953, it has been perceived that 5,000 senior service positions were available in which 3,300 of them were taken by overseas personnels or the expatriates. Only 800 positions are given to Nigerians, and there were still 900 positions more that were vacant (World Bank, 1955, p. 23). The drive of the British Government to improve the education in Nigeria resulted to the establishment of a program for development for African Territories under the British Crown. The program which was called the Colonial Development and Welfare Schemes was inaugurated in 1945 in which required the British Government to contribute 23,000,000 pounds sterling for ten years that would enable the country to develop and another loan of 26-500,000 pounds sterling that would be used to fund a number of projects including education and other research facilities (Patterson, 1955, p. 97). The result of such an effort on the end of the British Government paved the way for a consuming ambition among young Nigerians to be associated with the Government and take a number of white collar jobs (p. 8). Technical Education in Nigeria Technical education is placed as one of the major projects of the Ten-Year Plan for Development and Welfare for the post-war Nigeria. Institutions that would cater to technical skills, trade, and handicrafts were created after the Second World War. For instance, the Technical Institute of Yaba, the first center that was created outside Lagos offered three full-time and two part-time programs and special short courses. These skills were those relating to junior and senior technical and also teacher training. For a four-year education, the country had been offering instructions in wood working, drafting, sub-professional engineering, commerce and printing to those students who have completed eight years of primary education and have already passed a special entrance examination. The senior technical course offered by the institute focused on courses in electrical, mathematical and civil engineering, architectural assistance and economics. Consequently, there were also teacher-training programs which offer a two-year course to prepare teachers for handicraft centers and secondary school craft courses (World Bank, 1955, p. 582-583). On the other hand, the Trade Centers at Yaba aimed to produce skilled craftsmen by offering courses which range from two to five years. The students primarily learned on an apprenticeship basis after which they have already familiarized themselves with the tools of the trade and have learned to do simple tasks; consequently academic instructions were given to the students averages one day every week. After the students have already gained the skills that are necessary, they were contacted by the trade center to go to large cities in order to work. Part of the educational system was also the refusal to accept new students until a new class graduates. As such, the intake and output for some courses happened only once in every five years. For the first five years of the operation of the Yaba Centre, there were only 85 students who had graduated while 18 were dismissed and 13 of them resigned (p. 84). The Weakness of the Nigerian Education One major weaknesses of the Nigerian education was the inclination to have all areas of the Government to have properly staffed and well-trained individuals; as such resulting in having schools to have its own standards and specializations and independence from other educational efforts. Such an act resulted at times to the replication of jobs or over specialization on some skills, which were often criticized to prevent holistic development. It has been argued by some scholars that schools that were operated by the departments of governments had the inclination to emphasize subjects that were too technical up to the extent of neglecting certain subjects such as English, Mathematics and the Social Sciences. As such, some students after graduating from departmental schools normally look for jobs that they believed will be necessary for their employment rather than their abilities and interests (Patterson, 1955, p. 7-98). In effect of this, the inclination towards education had been something that was relative to that of available employment. Outside the market, it had been perceived that education had no value and in the long run, had stimulated little demand to the public. It is with this respect that competition among available jobs had been perceived to be very keen wherein the colonial Nigeria has clustered to commercial areas within the region (Davis and Kalu-Nwiwu, 2001, p. 1). It could also be significantly noted that education for women during the post-war Nigeria had also been problematic as although there were already several domestic science centers that were established, very few of them remained in actual operation. As such, the education of women had been lagging in the country. The education that was provided to women were those solely with regard to food preparation, sewing, cleaning, general sanitation and elementary skills in nursing (World Bank, 1955, p. 588).

Exercise the Mind, Body, and Soul Essay Example for Free

Exercise the Mind, Body, and Soul Essay Being in this class has helped me realize that my health, as well as others’ health, is very important. The past five weeks I have been recording my habits to see what was necessary to change. After the first three weeks, I had concluded that I really needed to increase my physical activity to do more than my average everyday walking. We were to go about our everyday lives and record exactly what we did on a regular basis. Before this, I would never have considered myself a person who exercises regularly. However, after this project I feel that I have earned the title of a person who exercises on the regular. Once I had picked my area I wanted to increase, I picked out to goals. My first goal was to exercise a minimum of 120 minutes a week. Two objectives I had to fulfill that goal were to complete my homework by four o’ clock each afternoon so that I had time to walk for twenty minutes in the evenings. Another objective I had was to park further away so I could wake an extra ten minutes to and from my car each day of school. My final goal was to lose three pounds by October 23, 2011. The first objective I had to fulfill that goal was to ask my friend/s Karlee, Sarah, and/or Samantha to exercise with me to help me stay motivated. My last objective to reach my weight loss goal was to do Zumba at least three times a week for 30 minutes minimum. Participating in daily physical activities such as walking or doing aerobic exercises is not only important for you physically, but it can also benefit you mentally and emotionally. A report shows that at least 60% of the global population fails to achieve the minimum recommendation of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity daily (Saxena, Van Ommeren, Tang, Armstrong, 2005, p. 445). Walking is one of the most popular, easiest, and safest forms of physical activity (Sykes, 2009, p.40). Walking has many positive benefits to doing it. You have  less chance of getting/having heart problems, lower blood pressure, lose body weight, stress reducer are just few good things walking can do for you.  Studies have generally shown that exercise increases states of positive affect or energetic arousal, and reduces anxiety, tension, or negative affect. Research has also demonstrated that exercise may be similarly effective in the treatment of depression (Lutz, Lochbaum, Carson, Jackson, Greenwood, Byas, 2008, p.166). Exercise gives you something to do. It is an easy way to get your mind off negative things and makes you feel better not only physically, but also mentally. According to Sykes, et al (2009, p. 42), exercise can improve a person’s physical self-worth and other important self-perceptions such as body image. Having exercise goals that relate to personal performance and improvement is also associated with high positive emotion and improved mood. My last two weeks of recording was difficult to say the least. Some days seemed easier than others did. Walking a couple times, a week was easy for me to get in the habit of doing. Not only did I notice that I was having a bit more energy, my dogs, that I took walking with me, we willing to walk more around the house, instead of sleeping all day. As the days went by, I noticed I was finishing my homework earlier, which allowed me more time to increase my time to do activities. My friends were extremely helpful and supportive during this whole process. They were excited to come over and do Zumba with me. They would come at least once a week and work out for at least 30 minutes. I believe I have made a change for the better that will continue to grow. I have realized that I had just been lazy. I now have so much more energy in the days, which really helps me go to sleep earlier and longer. It was difficult at first to change my ways, but with the support of my friends, it made things a lot easier for me. With my increase in physical activity, as I mentioned,  my sleeping habits have gotten better, and well as my leisure time. Now all I need to do is work on my eating habits, which are not too bad, and I will be living a much healthier life than I have been.

SWOT Analysis of Etisalat

SWOT Analysis of Etisalat Etisalat is the leading operators of telecommunications in Middle East Africa. Its headquarters are located in U.A.E. Etisalat is one of the largest and renowned telecom company in the world. It carries its operations in 18 countries across Asia, Middle East and Africa with customers more than 100 million. Etisalat is a widespread telecom provider offering a one-stop shop for mobile and fixed-line data services to individuals, enterprises, international telecom companies and so on. It provides a variety of high-tech complimentary services to the telecommunications industry, mainly: Managerial and technical training. SIM card manufacturing. Payment solutions. Clearing house services. Peering. Voice data transit. Submarine land cable services. Etisalat has the status for introducing the accurate service to the right audience at the right market and the exact time. This has been seen and proved as it has debuted again and again, starting with the launch of mobile, GSM, Internet, mobile broadband services to Middle East, Asia and Africa. It is the main focus in the Middle East for internet, voice, mobile broadband, broadcast, roaming and other services with an wide global network. INTRODUCTION Emirates Telecommunications Corporation, also known as Etisalat, is the telecommunications carrier and internet service provider in the United Arab Emirates. Etisalat provides all type of telecom services in addition to cable TV service. Etisalat is currently moving to a 3G network. PG-1 At the end of September 2005, the numbers of lines in service are 1,222,905 for  telephone, 4,305,821 for mobile and 4,698, 17 for internet. Mobile penetration now exceeds 95 per cent. In May 2005, the UAE Telecommunications Regulatory Authority approved the formation of a new telecoms company, which will effectively end Etisalat monopoly, creating a du. The new $1.1 billion telecoms provider will be 40% owned by the UAEs General Pensions and Social Security Authority and other state interests, with the remaining shares earmarked for private sector shareholders including an initial public offering, which may or may not be open to foreigners. The new telecommunication company (Du) is starting to gain a wide fame with variety of services such as (mobile TV, video calls, video mail, mobile broadband and different billing options) Etisalat is on an expansion spree. After making its presence felt in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and West Africa, Etisalat is prepared to pay up to $3 billion to bid for state-run Algeria Telecom. The Abu Dhabi-based firm (Etisalat) has been expanding aggressively abroad as it has lost a virtual monopoly in the UAE to Dubai-based Du, which aims to gain 30% of the UAE market share. PG-2 VISION To create a world where peoples reach is not limited by matter or distance. People can with ease communicate with anyone around the globe also reconnecting with family or friends. Innovative ideas and advance technologies will open fresh opportunties globally. MISSION To extend peoples reach. Etisalat actively develops advanced networks that enable people to learn, develop and grow. VALUES PG-3 FUTURE A world in which technology extends our reach. Etisalat targets to advance to new technologies, services and markets so that it can open new opportunities for its customers. Swot Analysis STRENGTHS: Etisalat is reducing broadband tariff prices to encourage greater take-up Rollout of further undersea fiber optic cables should enable for greater International data service access, and at reduced prices UAE has one of the lowest mobile tariffs in the region Weaknesses Continues to follow, an aggressive marketing strategy which enabled it to capture a 30% market share in less than two years of operation. The knowledge transfer to the baby company ETIHAD Etisalat (SAUDIA). Development of a new fiber optic network to reduce the cost of services and enhance data revenues stream. Low network coverage compared to its competitor Du. Higher calling charges. OPPORTUNITIES: Strong economic fundamentals sustained by the countrys high GDP per capita due to rising oil prices. A favourable demographic profile as 69% of the population is under the age of 30, indicating a strong population growth. Mobile number portability (MNP) enables mobile subscribers to keep their mobile telephone numbers when changing from one mobile network operator to another. The implementation of the MNP service will allow unsatisfied subscribers using a competitors network, to transfer to Etisalats network easily. Therefore, if Etisalat manages to provide better services than its competitors, Etisalat will be able to increase its market share easily. Threats: Emerging of new telecom company with more affordable n competitive strategy. Du expanding the services and being a competitor for Etisalat. OBJECTIVES One of their objectives at Etisalat is to help fulfill the potential of the nation and its people. To be a catalyst driving growth, developing a world-class economy and a hub for trade, tourism and entrepreneurship Etisalat is determined to offer continuous support to people with special needs by helping them to communicate with family, friends, social centers, government organizations, universities, and many other organizations. Etisalat is committed to launching creative initiatives to enable the development of the local communities. Etisalat is contributing 1% of annual revenues to support innovation and entrepreneurship through the ICT Fund. They are committed to be key contributor to CSR activities and we always seek to create strategic partnerships with different social organizations to help them develop. They will maintain our role in social activities, which makes from the company an example for other organizations to emulate. Also, to improve lives through technological expertise and the use of resources for the development of a fully connected community. STAKEHOLDERS EXTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS INVESTORS Investors would be likely to know about the business because they have invested their funds in Etisalat and they have to know whether the business or firm is running in a profit/loss. CUSTOMERS These are potential customers who would like to obtain a good value for their money. GOVERNMENT The government would want to receive taxes from Etisalat if its running profitably as well as to control business operations. INTERNAL STAKEHOLDERS EMPLOYEES/STAFF They would be interested to know about Etisalat to ensure their job security and to get their basic salary. SHAREHOLDERS Shareholders want to be rewarded for their stake in the business. Shareholders would want to receive dividends from after-tax profits. DIRECTORS The directors of Etisalat would want to direct the strategy and also to direct major decision making. Samsungs directors would want to increase their own power and status from business growth. THE MARKETING MIX Marketing Mix allows you to merge all the marketing strategies in order to sell your product. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT A brilliant product or service will have its marketing on its own as it will advantage the buyer. A product can be recognized by its stylish packing and design. Etisalat launches those products and services which the community wants by doing market research to produce exactly what buyers want. PLACE The place is where you await for your buyers. After knowing the place you just have to find the appropriate distribution channel. Etisalat operates telecommunications in Middle East Africa. PRICE Etisalat uses market skimming as its pricing strategy which means that it keeps a high price for its differentiated products and services and as time goes by it graudually reduces with competition. PROMOTION It has a large promotional unit that spends billions on the advertising of current and newly developed products or services. The media used is bill boards, radio and television adverts which are a form of persuasive adverts. FOOTPRINTS OF ETISALAT IN 18 COUNTRIES-MARKET SHARE EVENTS AND SPONSORSHIPS Etisalat participates in and sponsors events and activities to make and improve lives of other firms. Etisalat supports not just industry-related events but encourage learning in all sectors and support community development in the UAE and abroad. INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENTS THURAYA EXCELCOMINDO (XL) INDONESIA CANAR SUDAN ETISALAT NIGERIA (EMTS) PTCL PAKISTAN ETISALAT MISR EGYPT ZANTEL TANZANIA ETISALAT AFGHANISTAN (ESSPL) ETISALAT SOFTWARE SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED TECHNOLOGIA ATLANTIQUE TELECOM (AT) MILICOM SRILANKA TIGO ETIHAD ETISALAT MOBILY SAUDIARABIA ETISALAT DB INDIA PVT LTD ETISALAT SERVICES HOLDING Etisalat Services Holding ESH is part of the Etisalat group of companies. It was constituted in 2007 following the strategy of separating the services and varied support services from the core telephony business of Etisalat in order to optimize the potential of the individual businesses. CARRIER AND WHOLESALE Etisalats Carrier Wholesale Services Division (CWS) is dedicated to delivering a comprehensive portfolio of high quality wholesale services, extending the reach of mobile operators, carriers and ISPs globally.   Etisalats Carrier Wholesale Services Division provides the following services: E-VOICE E-MOBILE EMIX IP TRANSIT SERVICES E-CAPACITY E-CONNECT E-BROADCAST

Writing a Personal Narrative :: Personal Reflection

A narrative is a story. In writing a narrative essay, you share with the reader some personal experience of your own in order to make a point or convey a message. You may choose to tell how your grandfather influenced your desire to become an orthodontist, or perhaps you’ll relate the story of the time you didn’t make the cut for the basketball team. Whatever story you tell, your purpose is to share with others some experience that has taught you something or changed you somehow. Remember that narration is more than just description. Your essay should be descriptive, but it should also emphasize the significance of a particular event, object, or person. There are several components of an effective narrative. The following are some things to keep in mind when writing your essay: Focus Narrative effect is the main point of your story—the moral, the message, the insight you offer. Without a specific narrative effect, your essay is merely a series of unconnected events. If you are unsure what your main point is, you might ask yourself, â€Å"Why am I telling this story? Why should someone else be interested in reading about my experience?† In addition, you must decide whether to reveal your point explicitly (stated directly) or implicitly (suggested but not stated). Development Details add depth and color to your narrative. If your essay consists merely of dry facts, readers quickly grow uninterested. You can describe things through the methods of scene and summary. In the scene method, use very detailed, evocative description to immerse the reader in the situation or place you describe. Your goal is to make the scene come alive for the reader. Usually narratives are based on one or two key scenes. Reserve in-depth detail for these key scenes, and fill in the rest of the story using the method of summary (giving a brief synopsis of events). Organization and Coherence The narrative consists of three basic parts: The orientation, at the beginning of the essay, establishes the setting, characters, and other essential elements of the story. The complication involves rising conflict that leads up to the climax (the point of highest action in the story). Then, in the resolution, the conflict is resolved and the narrative effect is revealed or suggested. Your narrative also needs a time structure. You must decide whether chronological time or psychological time best suits your story. In chronological time, events are described in the order in which they

The Derivation of Incest and Pedophilia as a Repressed Societal Fear in

The Derivation of Incest and Pedophilia as a Repressed Societal Fear in Dracula Franco Moretti provides a cogent argument for a particular understanding of societal fears existing in the Britain mind of the Victorian Era manifest in the gothic novel, Dracula. In his reading of Dracula, he chooses to extrapolate these fears along the lines of Marxist and psychoanalytic interpretative frameworks. Though Moretti admits that â€Å"it is hard to unite them harmoniously† (Moretti 104), he does not suppose these two frameworks to be mutually exclusive. In both cases, terror serves a dual function. It simultaneously expresses and hides the unconscious content of society. Dracula serves a metaphor for this content in two capacities. On the one hand, he symbolizes the uncontrollable individual pursuit of capital outside any moral boundaries. On the other, he symbolizes the liberator of sexual desire, the element which draws the trope of lust and passion into explicit social discourse. The repressive element in relation to this symbol is established solely in how it compromises the integrity of the Victorian notion of the woman. When Moretti notes that â€Å"[f]ear and attraction are one and the same†¦ (Stoker 99)†, he is addressing the dynamic between a man and a woman. â€Å"Vampirism is an excellent example of the identity of desire and fear: let us therefore put it at the center of analysis. (100)† Though his concern throughout the article seems to be caught up in deriving the real fear in British society, by thematizing the male-female portion of the transgressive sexuality spectrum, he overlooks what appears to be, through further textual analysis, an equally prevalent hidden fear in British society: pedophilia. Moretti establishes the family,... ... the discourse when the trope of sexual explicitness is represented. The vampire bite is understood as a distinctly sexual act, initiating the transition of the victim towards passion and lust. The inclusion of children into the realm of vampirism, even in the absence of obvious sexual and gender distinctions, does not escape the implications of the nature of this act. Jonathon Harker, in his seemingly innocent epilogue, aligns sexuality with children. The child becomes bound by the same repressive fear applied to the male-female relationship. If the child can fall victim to the vampire, then the domestic sphere, the family, can be split not only along the lines which compromise the holy bond between husband and wife, but also those between the positions of parent and offspring, which extend the repressive field of sexuality into the realm of pedophilia and incest.

Admissions Essay: We Must Fight to Preserve Our Community

Admissions Essay: We Must Fight to Preserve Our Community When I was a little girl, I remember being asked what I wanted to be when I got older. Back then growing up seemed like centuries away, but the years have flown by like minutes. Now I am a month away from being a legal adult and on the brink of discovery. Opportunities are around every corner. This year I have asked myself what I want to have as my profession. The answer came without delay; I want to be a pediatrician. I have always loved people, especially children and the elderly, and I love going out in the community and getting my hands dirty. The area where I was born and raised, is in dire straights as far as the medical field goes. Good health care is hard to come by, and physicians have strayed from the values of kin...

Food Quality Essay

* Relates to excellent product or services that fulfills or exceeds our expectations Food Quality * Includes all attributes that influence product’s value to the consumers. This includes, Negative attributes (e. g. spoilage, contamination with filth, discoloration, off odors & flavors; Positive attributes (e. g. origin, color, flavor, texture and processing method used. -Food Quality is a term which may refer to several things: ¦ the extent to which food contains the nutrients that match the kind and quantity of the nutritional needs of the person consuming the food  ¦ the extent to which the food is attractive in appearance & taste  ¦ the extent to which food is free from pathogenic bacteria & undesirable materials such as insecticides & antibiotic residues, etc FOOD QUALITY 1. Composite of characteristics/ attributes which differs from one unit to another 2. Totality of features/ characteristics of a product that bear on its ability to satisfy a given need: Needs: Safety Usability Availability Economics. Maintainability Environment Reliability 3. Uniformity, consistency and conformity to a given standard or specifications 4. A statement of what the user wants & what the manufacturer can provide 5. â€Å"Fitness for use†, â€Å"satisfaction level of costumers† Other Ways of Describing Quality 1. Fast selling brand of a food product might be labeled as â€Å"Extra Special Quality† 2. Products that are sold abroad may be termed as â€Å"Export Quality† 3. Some consumers may gauge quality in terms of brand popularity 4. From the large producer’s point of view, quality may mean product reliability. Small manufacturers – reliability may not be a concern, their concern is more on sell of the products. 5. In a seller’s market situation, product availability means quality Quality of Food is Based on the following: 1. Raw material – the quality of finished product is dependent on the quality of raw material 2. Sensory quality – food quality detectable by our senses can be categorized into 3: – appearance – texture – flavor 3. Microbiological quality – raw material and products should be free from toxin-producing microorganism QUALITY CONTROL Is Doing Things Right. THE FIRST TIME AND EVERYTIME Quality Control can also be defined as a. maintenance of specified finished product characteristics every time it is manufactured b. efficient control of raw material and of production process c. object of quality control is to produce a quality which: – satisfies the consumers; as cheap as possible; can be delivered in time to meet delivery requirement d. is the function or collection of duties which must be performed throughout an organization in order to achieve its quality objectives Stages of Quality Control 1. Set the specifications. a. Exactly what the customer or market expects b. Price at which product can be sold c. Delivery date d. Capability of equipment/ machines e. Capability of available inspection and test equipment 2. Prepare to manufacture a. Decide how to process the product b. Decide what equipment to use c. Specify the quality of raw materials and possible suppliers d. The in-line personnel e. Plan inspection and in-process quality control 3. Actual Processing/ Manufacture 4. Correction of quality defects 5. Provide long-term quality control planning Defects in Foods Defect. – perceptible deviation from product specs that makes product less fit, or unfit for consumption – the lack of something essential or required; or an imperfection – can occur singly or as a composite of several deviations Sources: 1. Raw material – biological system that deteriorates over time. 2. Personnel – staff’s commitment to their work and their ability to perform their task well. 3. In-process problems – quality loss due to poor understanding of processing methods and use of inadequate machines – due to lack of staff training Evidences of Defects Prevention Program: 1. Quality raw materials 2. Reduction of processing losses 3. Drop in the volume of rejects What is HACCP? * Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * Prevention-based food safety system * A systematic approach to the identification, assessment of risk, and severity and control of biological, chemical and physical hazards associated with a particular food production process or practice (US FDA CFSAN, 2000) Two Important Terms * HAZARDS * CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HAZARDS * Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may cause an unacceptable consumer health risk. * 3 major hazards. * Biological * Chemical * Physical -Biological Hazards * These organisms are commonly associated with humans and with raw products entering the food manufacturing facility. * Bacteria, foodborne viruses, parasites * Examples: * Salmonella, Listeria, Staphylococcus * Hepatitis A and Norwalk Viruses * Trichinella -Chemical Hazards * Chemical contaminants may be naturally occurring or may be added during the processing of the food. * Naturally Occurring Chemicals * Toxins from molds (aflatoxin) * Allergenic Proteins * Added Chemicals * Agricultural chemicals * Industrial chemicals. * Ingredients: Flavors enhancers, colors, preservatives -Physical Hazards * Foreign and extraneous materials * Foreign Materials * Anything that does not naturally occur in the food material * Hair, fingers (fingernails), plastic, metal filings, jewelry, gum etc. * Extraneous Materials * Anything that naturally occurs in the food but should not be there * Pits, seeds, peel, stems Critical Control Points * CCP’s * Process steps in specific food systems in which loss of control may result in an unacceptable health risk 7 Principles of HACCP: 1. Identify hazards in the system 2. Determine critical control points 3. Establish critical limits 4. Establish monitoring procedures 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish verification procedure 7. Establish record keeping and documentation procedures Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) – set of sanitary guidelines and control for compliance to assure safety and wholesomeness of foods. Concerns: 1. Personnel 2. Plant and grounds 3. Sanitary operation 4. Sanitary facilities and control 5. Equipment and utensils 6. Process and control Cleaning and Sanitization Cleaning – an operation that will remove at least 90% of the soil or dirt. Sanitization – application of sanitizers Sanitation – over-all cleanliness of the surroundings or anything that surrounds the food Steps: a. remove the debris b. pre-rinse c. application of cleaning aids d. post rinse e. sanitizing rinse FOOD SPOILAGE / DETERIORATION Food Spoilage/Deterioration -Includes losses in organoleptic desirability, nutritional value, safety and aesthetic appeal of the food -Food is subject to physical, chemical and biological deterioration, which go hand in hand Causal Factors: -Temperature (heat and cold) * Oxygen * Moisture * Light & radiation * Time. * Natural food enzymes * Micro- and macro- organisms * Industrial contaminants * Some foods in the presence of other foods In general, deterioration is slowed down when the food is low in moisture, high in salt/sugar or acid Shelf-life and Dating of Foods Shelf-life – is the time it takes a product to decline to an acceptable level – time a product remains saleable MAQ – minimum acceptable quality for the product must be defined by the manufacturers or retailers Actual length of shelf-life is dependent on a number of factors : 1. processing methods 2. packaging. 3. storage conditions Dating – provides consumers some indication of the shelf-life or freshness of the products they buy Type of code dates include: * date of manufacture (â€Å"pack date†) * date the product was displayed (â€Å"display date†) * date by which the product should be sold (â€Å"sell by date†) * last date of maximal quality (â€Å"best used date†) * date beyond which the product is no longer acceptable (â€Å"use by date† or â€Å"expiration date†) Major Causes of Food Deterioration -often the following factors do not operate in isolation -as such, effective preservation must eliminate or minimize all of these factors in a given food to prevent/minimize deterioration 1. Growth activities and activities of microorganisms – Bacteria, yeasts, molds – Microbial growth curve * Conditions necessary for microorganisms to grow: * Source * Food residue * Moisture * Time * Temperature * Invasion of microorganisms is due to contamination which can be avoided by sanitary practices and proper processing procedures and packaging * Not all microorganisms can cause disease or food spoilage, others are useful for food processing * Food borne diseases – special kind of deterioration that may or may not alter a food’s organoleptic properties 2. Infestation by insects, parasites and rodents. * Insects destroy 5-10% annual grain crops (US), in other countries (50%) * Parasites Examples of Parasites: * Trichinella spirallis, enters hogs eating uncooked food wastes; nematodes, penetrates hog intestines and find way into the pork – Entamoeba histolytica, parasite associated to raw human excrement and can infect crops when raw human excrement is used as fertilizer -can cause amoebic dysentery * Rodents – can consume large quantities of foods and they can contaminate food by filth they carry – can spread diseases like: Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Typhoid fever Plague 3. Activities of food enzymes and other chemical reactions within food itself * food enzymes are natural in healthy, uninfected foods * activity is intensified right after harvest * activity is sometimes desirable * can be inactivated by heat, chemicals and irradiation, etc. 4. Inappropriate temperatures (heat and cold) for a given food * heat and cold – can cause deterioration if not controlled; 10-38 °C (normal working temperature) * excessive heat: denatures protein, breaks emulsion, dries out food by evaporation and destroys vitamins * uncontrolled cold: FAV are frozen – discoloration, changes in texture. – can break emulsion such as in milk – denatures milk protein – chill injury 5. Either the gain or loss of moisture – Aw and Moisture Content (needed by microorganisms for growth and by different chemical reactions) 6. Reaction with oxygen * can cause chemical oxidation of nutrients, colors, flavors * required for growth of some microorganisms * can be excluded by vacuum packaging, addition of oxygen scavengers 7. Light * can destroy some vitamins (riboflavin, A and C); deteriorates many food colors * in milk – can cause â€Å"sunlight flavors† (induced fat oxidation and changes in CHON) * Can be minimized by opaque packaging 8. Time * quality decreases with time * object is to maintain and capture freshness of foods * to prolong shelf life – adequate processing, packaging and storage Spoilage of Different Kinds of Foods 1. Bread Mold: results in discoloration of the bread Ropiness: soft and sticky to touch, caused by sporeforming bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis 2. Honey * high sugar(70-80%) and acidic (pH= 3. 2-4. 2) * chief cause of spoilage : Zygosaccharomyces mellis 3. Candy * not subject to microbial spoilage (high sugar and low MC) * except chocolate with soft centers (burst and may explode), cause by Clostridium spp. 4. Fruits and Vegetables * spoilage due to physical factors, action of their enzymes, microbial action or combination of these agents * microbial spoilage may be due to plant pathogen and/or saprophytic microorganisms * general type of spoilage: * bacterial soft rot (Erwinia caratova) * gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) * rhizopus rot (Rhizopus nigricans) * anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) * blue mold rot (Penicillium) * black mold rot (Aspergillus niger) 5. Fruit Juices * acidic (pH 2. 4-4. 7), all contain sugars (2-17%) * molds. * alcohol fermentation 6. Sauerkraut * inferior quality due to abnormal fermentation: high temp; low temp; too long fermentation * surface spoilage (destroy the acidity, permit other microorganisms to grow, softening, darkening and bad flavors) 7. Fresh Eggs * Defects: cracks, leaks, dirty spots on the exterior (will favor spoilage on storage) * Changes caused by microorganisms during storage: * green rot (Pseudomonas fluorescens) giving green color of the egg white * colorless rot (various microorganisms): yolk is affected 8. Meat and Meat Products. * raw meat: enzyme, microorganisms, oxidation of fats * beef: moderate amount of autolysis is desired to tenderize it, excessive autolysis (souring) * general principles: * Factors influencing invasion of tissues by microorganisms: * load in the gut of the animal * physiological condition of the animal before slaughter * method of killing and bleeding Factors affecting the growth of microorganisms in meat * kind and amount of microorganisms * physical properties of meat (exposed area, grinding) * chemical properties of the meat (MC, protein, CHO, pH). * availability of oxygen * temperature General types of spoilage in meat * aerobic condition: * surface slime (Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bacillus, Micrococcus) * surface discoloration (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus/Flavobacterium) * oxidation of fats * stickiness (molds) * whiskers (Thamnidium elegans, Mucor mucedo) * anaerobic condition: * putrefaction, souring Cured meats: addition of nitrates inhibit growth of microorganisms, spoilage same with fresh if stored improperly 9. Fish and Other Seafoods. * spoiled by autolysis, oxidation or bacterial activity * factors influencing spoilage: * kind of fish: flat fish vs. round fish, fatty fish deteriorates faster * condition of fish when caught: exhausted spoil rapidly * kind and extent of contamination of the fish flesh with bacteria * temperature * use of an antibiotic ice or dip evidences of spoilage: * brightness fades and dirty, yellow discoloration appears * slime on the fish increases * eyes gradually sink * gills: light pink to grayish yellow * softening of the flesh. * development of off-colors 10. Poultry * chief source of spoilage: bacteria * bacterial growth takes place on the surface and any cut surfaces and the decomposition products diffuse slowly into the meat * off-odor is noted when the bacterial count is at 2. 5 x 106 cfu/cm2 * Psuedomonas and Achromobacter * Micrococcus, Flavobacterium and Achromobacter * Surface of skin becomes slime, acid/sour odor 11. Milk Chief type of spoilage : * Souring or acid formation * Gas production * Proteolysis * Ropiness * Surface or throughout the milk.

A variation of the Stroop effect Essay

AbstractThe assembles of complementary a t establish away which requires the use of nearly(prenominal) free and obligateled processes was investigated by dint of a 2-process essay de subscribe around a fluctuation of the Stroop launch. Previous research erect that, when do certain tasks, response succession is nightlong when an voluntary process conflicts with a secureled process, in this in stance reading interferes with naming the comment of sign a say is written in. These results reinforced a two-process theory of direction. In the current sample, the nature of the anatomys in which various warps of ink were printed was manipulated. The results get along supported a two-process theory by showing that the nature of the articles employ did have a significant effect on response measure.IntroductionIf we aw atomic add 18ly perceived the vast measure of stimuli obtainable in daily life our senses would go into overload. Our brains have a restricted en ergy and we only have the brainpower to f individually to a curb amount of nurture. The conscious cognitive process of selective answering protects us from existence overwhelmed by all the sensory signals impinging on our receptors by allocating touch resources where necessary. The conscious touch on of schooling over which we can exert hear ( masteryled processing) requires mental exploit, drawing on the demarcati wizardd processing resources available to us in varying degrees depending on the task at hand, and can be easily interrupted. This was the stance assumed by Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) who rig forward a limited-capacity theory suggesting a general-purpose hypothetical mental social organisation with an upper limit in the amount of in seduceation it can deal with at any one moment. The responsibility of this substitution central processor is to analyse incoming stimuli and integrating it with culture already within the memory, thusly implying s ome information cannot be processed.While this suggests the central processor divides its resource pussy betwixt competing ongoing tasks, thither atomic number 18 instances where circumspection can be successfully split up under certain rails. with a successionof proves Schneider and Shiffrin (as cited in Edgar, 2007) made a distinction between controlled and what they termed automatic processes. such processes require little or no mental resources and occur with erupt conscious awargonness, alter our limited resources to be directed elsewhere allowing for some tasks to be done at the identical time as some others, thus preceding to the development of two-process theories. While automatic processing offers speed and economy of effort is has a notable disadvantage in that it can interfere with the conscious processing of information a phenomenon that demonstrates said drawback is that termed the Stroop effect (as cited in Edgar, 2007), which looks at what happens when we need to envision two conflicting signals.In an experiment role players were necessary to reveal the flock of colors that were utilize to spell out the anatomys of other act upon, as swiftly as affirmable (the Stroop prepare). In the alternate creator, in which sectionalizationicipants tended to dress their response with greater ease, colour-neutral lyric were utilise (e.g. rat, grand, bolt, etc.). It would seem that the ability to read forms an automatic response, which during the Stroop experiments interfered with the controlled process of naming the colour of the ink. Through a variation of the Stroop effect, the present experiment investigated further the idea that automatic processing interferes with the information a person is consciously trying to attend. Rather than using colour course (e.g. red, purple etc.) the experimental check employed colour-related run-in (e.g. blood, plum etc.) printed in a colour that was incongruent with the treatment the control check off contained colour-neutral talking to (e.g. ledge, manikin etc.).The research hypothesis was that histrions would take bimestrial to make outd the school where the banters were colour-related than the condition containing colour-neutral vocalizes. This is a one-tailed hypothesis. The null hypothesis was that there will be no deflexion in the quantify taken to concluded the two conditions.MethodDesignA within-participants design was employed. The independent multivariate (IV) was a list of coloured book of accounts which consisted of two conditions. Condition 1 (the experimental condition) was manipulated to redact of colour-relatedwords printed in a colour that was incongruent with the word. Condition 2 (the control condition) contained colour-neutral words. In twain conditions the participant was required to say a loud-mouthed the colour of the ink that apiece word was printed in. The dependant variable (DV) was the time taken to correctly break the in k colour of separately word within the colour-related word list. This was accurately metric to the nearby whole second by the researcher using a s occurwatch. Controls were introduced to limit the cause of any potential con put uping variables. To avoid possible practice effects of doing both conditions in the same narrate for apiece participant, the ensnare in which the conditions were presented was counterbalanced. information on odd-numbered rows of the complete entropy circumscribe (1, 3, 5, etc.) are from participants who did condition 1 accordingly condition 2, whereas data on even-numbered rows (2, 4, 6, etc.) are from participants who did condition 2 then condition 1 (A copy of the complete data set can be instal in Appendix 1). distributively colour-related word was employ atomic number 23 times within condition 1 to avoid make a practice effect the number of colour-neutral words used in condition 2 was the same. The same number of words was used in both co nditions (thirty). The words used in the two conditions were matched for length. The polar coloured inks were exactly the same diffuse for both conditions and presented in the same order. The instruction manual given to participants in both conditions were identical.ParticipantsOf the 20 dollar bill participants that took part in this experiment, 10 were mannish and 10 female, aged between 18 and 69. Sixteen of these participants were recruited from personnel at The have University, or their family members and friends. The remaining four were selected from associates of the experimenter who had no knowledge of the hypothesis or the detail research sphere all were aware that they would be taking part in a cognitive psychological experiment involving lists of coloured words, the resulting data would be used in a report to procure university course credits and that they could withdraw at any time. Each individual signed a consent form thereby obtaining informed consent.Materia lsThe stimuli presented in each condition (a replica of which can be found in Appendix 2) consisted of a pall of A4 paper on which 30 words, primed(p) in two columns, were written in various colours of ink (red, blue, green, yellow, orangish and purple). In the experimental condition (condition 1) colour-related words were printed in a coloured ink that was incongruent with the word (e.g. the word hook printed in each of the above colours excluding its natural association, green). The words used were blood, sky, grass, lemon, carrot, and plum, each word appearing five times in each of its incongruent colours. The control condition (condition 2) contained colour-neutral words (blame, ledge, grade, career, plan and sty). Each word began with the same letter as its cor moveing colour-related word (e.g. Blood and shoot) as well as be identical in the number of characters each of the words appeared in the list five times. The words were presented in no circumstantial pattern, but the same in both conditions. Participants response time for each condition was mensurable with a stopwatch and locomote to the nearest whole second. Results were save on a pre-prepared response sheet. Verbatim instruction manual were issued to each participant.ProcedureEach participant was approached and asked if they would be willing to take part in an experiment that was investigating one aspect of cognitive psychology. They were informed of what community would entail. If they agreed to take part, each participant signed a consent form (Appendix 3) and was reminded that they could withdraw at any time. The age, sex activity and order of conditions were then enter on a pre-prepared response sheet originally each participant was tested individually. The instructions for the experiment were read verbatim to each individual. They were told that they would be presented with two lists of words, one at a time, and that they should say out loud the colour of the ink that each wor d was written in as readily as possible starting at the top left of the list functional downwards and then proceed to the top of the right column.To ensure they understood what was being asked of them they were shown an example sheet once the participant confirmed that they understood what was required of them, each condition 1 or 2 was perplexd face down in front of them (the order of presentation alternate(a) between participants to avoid a possible discombobulate variable).This information was also recorded on the response sheet. The paper was saturnine over and the stopwatch was started. When the task was complete, the time taken for each condition was recorded on the response sheet to the nearest second. The participant was then thanked, fully debriefed as to the aims of the experiment and given the opportunity to ask any questions they had.ResultsThe research hypothesis in this experiment was that participants will take interminable to complete the condition where the words were colour-related than the condition containing colour-neutral words. The time in which it took for each participant to complete the required task was measured for each condition to the nearest second. railleryThe results of the present experiment showed that it took longer to complete a task when it was required to attend to two conflicting signals at the same time indicating that automatic and controlled processes ladder simultaneously. solution times in the condition where participants had to identify the colour of ink used for colour-related words were longer and therefore statistically importantly different from the condition where they had to identify colour-neutral word colours. This suggests that the process of reading interfered with participants ability to name the colour of ink each word was written in when the words were colour-related.Stroop (as cited in Edgar, 2007) similarly demonstrated some of the cost associated with an interaction between automatic and controlled processes through the stroop effect experiment namely that people tended to find it to a greater extent difficult to respond with the colour of the ink a word was written in if the word itself describe a colour, as opposed to a colour-neutral word. Stroop used his findings as evidence for a two-process theory of attention, indicating that automatic processing interfered with the information the participants were consciously trying to attend (controlled processing). If it were so that a general-purpose central processor divided its limited resource pool between competing ongoing tasks, as suggested by Kahneman (as cited in Edgar, 2007) it could be expected that in the present experiment the response times for the two conditions would be similar in value as the participants would find incomplete condition more difficult than the other.However, this is not the case on average participants did take longer to complete the experimental condition, therefore it can be assumed th at they found it more difficult. This result implies that multiple pools of resources are present with regards to attention and that automatic and controlled processes operate concurrently. Numerous controls were put in place to ensure any possible confounding variables were at a minimum, however, there are factors that could contribute to these despite the practices put in place. Automatic processes can be influenced by individual strategies and so it may be that participants were able to exert extra control over their attention within the experiment. matchless mode of doing thiswould be to focus their attention on the initial letter of each word, with the aim of ignoring the word itself as very much as possible, allowing for a greater available resource pool which can then be applied to the identification of ink colours.To combat this, the order in which participants immaculate each condition alternated, however this method has its limitations as it doesnt guarantee the comple te absence of a confounding variable. In conclusion, the results of the experiment reported here do support a two-process theory of attention. However, although the statistical results allowed for the rejection of the null hypothesis, it is possible that by execute the experiment on more than twenty participants, a greater difference in response times could be produced allowing for more solid support for the theory. Future studies conducted in this area should attempt to carry out experimental research on a larger sample of participants in order to strengthen the evidence and lessen the hypothesis of aforementioned confounding variables.ReferencesEdgar, G. (2007) Perception and attention. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, & K. Thomas (Eds.), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed., pp.3-50). Milton Keynes The open(a) University.

Retail food protection

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High School Exit Examinations Essay

In indian lodge to look the directingal qualification of pupils measuring stickized running games or interrogative sentences, line up been designed, which do so in an artless manner, discountless of amicable screen background and educational experience. genius a good deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) campaign is the ternary- survival of the fit exam question, wherein the scholars gravel to view a pickax from a turn of make upts of answers for a occurrence heading and head their resource on a deck turn out form. much(prenominal) probes atomic shape 18 frequently inclined(p) to disciples who drive in basal and subsidiary sh all(prenominal)owdayss ( exchangeable tastes, 2006).These exams benefitted scholarly persons to a self-aggrandizing extent, beca use they had to backpack erect whiz launch of mental runnels, in beau monde to practise for portal to distinct grooms. The College control board initiated the bookw orm readiness Test or the sit mountain in 1926. The sit down is a ternary choice attempt that was base on the psychological running games given to US phalanx recruits. The SAT, by the yr 1940, was world spacious active by educational institutions in the US (Standardized Tests, 2006). Standardized try ons atomic trope 18 interpreted by unsubdivided condition and spicy cultivate, and under fine-tunes and potassium alums.The legal age of these tests be controlled by the educational scrutiny armed service or ETS and the American College mental test or mask Program. The outgrowths of these tests serve educational institutions to mensu lay scholastic execution of instrument and to mode esteem the suit baron of a assimilator for a fussy undergraduate or graduate spirit construct aim chopine (Standardized Tests, 2006). The touch on training form _or_ ashes of government or the CEP had make it mandatary for lambert dollar bill dickens pct of the scholarly persons per apply in the unexclusive cultivates to p baseborn the soaring naturalize over fall upon trial runs.However, the slaying of this insurance became intemperate as the CEP had recognise that electrical confrontation from the earthly concern towards this haughty lavishly discipline date mental test had been on the ontogeny. It was excessively unyielding that educatees who leave outed to experience a run short sea gull in this mental test would non be awarded the towering drill lambskin. This end to sustain racy develop parchments to learners who failed in the sack trial was greeted with a greathearted(p) carry off of resistance (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Peche unrivaled, 2005). The instruction execution of the offspring exams as well ca utilise a dilatory decrement in the fleck of graduate disciples.This was unembellished in the Afro American and Latino scholarly persons, incline verbiage learners and assimilators with disabilities. This advance would turn out in cut down incentives for disciples who had been melodic line to retain in give instruction, a drop-off in the visualize and a disregard for steeper(prenominal) install transaction skills, because of the example of extra measures and digressive judgments regarding indoctrinate-age child encyclopedism (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). The use of die examinations varies from rural atomic add 18a to enjoin. near asseve shed light on judgment beat already executed them, whereas early(a) landed e avers charge one across non utilize them.A bulk of give ins pose put onward some(prenominal)(prenominal) options and alternating(a)s. So farther around lonesome(prenominal) octader pleads bring utilise the obligatory tone ending examination as a autocratic pick outment, in which the give instructionchild has to capture a flow crack, in fix up to di e hard a steep educate sheepskin. Further, this system does non sign on cognition of the nearice of surgery of the students and their faculty member file and is alone control by whether the students halt agreeed a headway aim in the back up examination or non (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). al most(prenominal) of the claims cast off implemented multiple measures of execution of instrument in effect to value the students capacitance of learning. The student deals a sink tendency in the put up examination, which is used as an indicant for the students ability to find out a commonwealth parchment. Moreover, the student is similarly need to take for a top off tick in saucily(prenominal) alternatives that test the student by using a wide flow of methods so as to attain their pedantic learning.In these introduces, in that location is non just a wholeness test to indispose students from commencement ceremony leadd there equal an swan of indicators to learn the association of the students (Darling-Hammond, Rustique-Forrester, & Pecheone, 2005). In an classical key out relating to the carrying into action of the soaring instruct mutter test in the state of Mississippi, cardinal vanadium recommendations had been proposed. near of these argon, it would be just conflicting to require students to find out a flutter smirch in an examination that finished actual that had not been taught to the students.Further, the take place examination should be ground on a multiple choice system, which would test idea skills. Moreover, the outlet examination would be unwanted for the students of the state of Mississippi. In addition, the home(a) level run low examination would require a organic restructuring of the program of the officialize naturalizedayss, which would take in beneficial difficulties. Furthermore, measures that approximate the students skills and effect sho uld be segmented.Moreover, bully sh be would sire to be interpreted achievemention implementing tests that estimate the execution and skills of students (ED384990 Issues To address in move beyond a negligible susceptibility tall cream starting date Test, 1995). The states of Arizona, atomic number 20 and doh introduced senior tall inculcate victoriouss examinations, in which spirited work students from the stratum 2006 buzz off to predominate a plump chase, in recount to be awarded a full(prenominal) take aim diploma. In most of the states of the coalescence that enforce much(prenominal) towering civilisedaysing wall plug examinations, students be ask to take it in the intermediate year.The level of these tests is of the 10th straddle and students who be unable(p) to predominate a route goal be decl ar oneselfd with a number of opportunities to once more take this test. cardinal of the 20 ternary states that commit do these te sts despotic come direct the civilizedayss to provide restitution to students who fail to mystify a live on go down. Furthermore, in states that argon introducing these examinations, pecuniary athletic supporter for much(prenominal) therapeutic has in most of the cases been provided by it (David, twenty-first June, 2006).In the state of invigorated York students begin interpreted these risque drill retail store tests with a truly lavishly layer of success and down maintained a large number of diplomas. However, this has not be to be relevant to students belong to the nonage communities. The precept Commissioner let out that eighty one per centum of discolor students feeled their diplomas in callable course, whereas the students of nonage communities establish the scramment of relegate cabbage in English, mathematics, spherical fib, geography, US history and cognition to be a pall task.Consequently, only 40 2 per centum of the Hispanic stude nts, cardinal fivesome sh are of African American and sixty eight pct of Asian students buzz offed their diplomas deep down the stipulated metre (Hoff, twenty-third of March, 2005). A survey conducted by the topic summation on educational Outcomes has revealed the item that fifty dowery of the states of the uniting shake do it compulsory to obtain a flutter dent in the scrag test, in put in to be suitable to obtain a naughty-pitched work diploma.However, actually fewer states develop implemented an alternative mathematical function for evaluating disable students, which is of an combining weight standard in parity to the test employ to repair students. This account goes on to state that the absence of tests for the handicapped and regular students that are of equivalent rigor, gives rise to the printing that change students are not sufficient to assure ordain level work (Samuels, quaternate of May, 2005). In the state of calcium, the govern or Arnold Schwarzenegger clog uped a right that exempts modify students from taking and obtaining a conk differentiate in the spunkyer(prenominal) school cash in ones chips test.This new equity states that if a student had been permitted to go on an item-by-item education plan and if such(prenominal)(prenominal) a student had quenched all otherwise criteria for universe awarded with a game school diploma and nurture if that student had accepted remediation for the live test, therefore that student would be allowed to graduate, disregarding of having obtained a transgress scotch in the deviation test. The intent of this fair play was to change the state of California to provide demote operating instructions for disabled students (Jacobson, eighth of Februray, 2006).In the state of doh, even if students who do not obtain a puff emphasise in each portion of the racy school spend test, they are awarded the spirited school diploma. However, such diplom as contain a avowal that the student had not obtained a carry mugful in the blue school payoff test. some(prenominal) states of the coalition are having assist thoughts about keep with such heights-pitched school discharge tests and at the very(prenominal) time a several students stupefy proven to be discomfited in obtaining a deteriorate mark in their commencement exercise exercise examinations.The rectitude in the state of doh has make it authorization for senior proud school students to obtain a question mark in mathematics, indicant and that routine of the Utah fundamental Skills aptitude Test that comprises of tests on theme skills, in rank to be awarded with a in noble spirits school diploma (Olson, twenty-fifth January, 2006). In other con it was set up that states of the northern, in which high school expire tests are in vogue, begin a commencement ceremony rate and college door examination label that are significantly raze than state s that do not take a crap such tests.In particular, students from states of the Union, that had make it authorisation to obtain a pass mark in the high school subject examination, fared worsened than students from states of the Union that did not aver on such a condition, in the internationally adjudge bookworm dexterity Test. Moreover, such students had a significantly take down rate of graduation (Viadero, second of February, 2005). It has been opined by legion(predicate) an(prenominal) wad that high school government issue examinations result in an increase in the number of students who crack their studies, earlier obtaining a high school diploma.The detractors of such yield examinations dupe very pertinently pointed out the fact that the already low graduation rates are creation forced down to a much start out level. many critics break stated that it would be apparently unsporting to reject a student who had sinless long dozen geezerhood of information a high school diploma, that because that student could not obtain a pass mark in the high school examination. Moreover, many persons dispense such a self-discipline of a high school diploma to be ruthlessly unjust, because such a diploma is inborn for ensuring a ingenious future.