Stories by Flannery OConnor Essay Example for Free

Stories by Flannery OConnor EssayFlannery OConnors two narratives, Everything That Rises Must Converge and Good Country People, are disparate stories presenting different characters, different plots, and different themes however, both stories revolve around a start come forward and her child and their relationship. Everything That Rises Must Converge concerns Julian and his mother, and Good Country People concerns Hulga and her mother. As the two stories unfold, the similarities between Julian and Hulga, two awaitingly different individuals, become apparent. The two, who appears unlike at first, turn out to have characteristics similar to one another. both Julian and Hulga exhibit an educated and a proud character. They both use other people to validate their beliefs, and they both face a situation where they distinguish a lesson that they have to recognize for themselves.At the beginning of distributively story, OConnor presents each character as wise to(p), conceited, a nd self-righteous. Julian has just graduated from college, which is a big achievement, considering that her mother did it all by herself. Julian is an aspiring writer who, for now, sells typewriters and effs with his mother. He thinks of himself as very intelligent. In fact, he often draws himself into the inner compartment of his mind . . . the only hindquarters where he feels free of the general idiocy of his fellows. In the same way, Hulga is a 32-year old woman who holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy and currently lives with her mother. She, like Julian, in like manner thinks of herself as superior to others. She thinksthat if she only can, she would be in a university lecturing to people who know what she is talking about. She also thinks to herself, A true genius can farm an idea across even to an inferior mind. The two characters think too highly of themselves that they belittle other people, even their mothers who support them until now.In the course of each story, Julian and Hu lga both use other people to prove to themselves and to others their beliefs. Julian uses sear people to prove to his mother that the society has changed. He tries to hire friends withblack people not because he likes them and sees them as coequals, but because he wants to irritate his mother and to show everyone that he is not narrow-minded like most smock people are. Likewise, Hulga tries to seduce Manley Pointer into withdrawing his faith and into believing that there is no God. She wishes to teach him the deeper meaning of life. She imagines that she takes his remorse in hand and changes it into a deeper understanding of life. Hulga wants to qualify Manley. Julian and Hulga both wish to change others into accepting what they believe are true and correct.As each story concludes, the two characters face messages whose meanings they have to make use of. Right after the confrontation of Julians mother with the black woman, Julians mother collapses unexpectedly and dies while Jul ian knowingly lectures her. Julian says to his mother, From now on youve got to live a new world and face a few realities for a change. Buck up, it wont kill you. Then the mother falls to the pavement. Now, the mother that Julian despised before is gone, and he is left in a world of guilt and sorrow. Similarly, Hulga loses her wooden leg over a mediocre country boy. In irritation, Hulga says to Manley, Youre a fine Christian Youre just like themallsay one thing and do another. Manley simply says before leaving, You aint so smart. I been believing in cypher ever since I was born Now, Hulga is left legless, helpless, and Godless. Both Julian and Hulga try to change other people when it is them who need to change.Julian and Hulga are both learned and proud. They both use other people for personal validation, and they both face lessons, which they have to figure out for themselves. OConnor characterizes Julian and Hulga in a way that they seem odd and far from what most people are, but as the characters evolve, they turn out to be ordinary people in all walks of life. They turn out to be where most people areliving in a delusion that their way is better than the way of the others.

New Women R K Narayans The Guide English Literature Essay

New Women R K Narayans The engage English Literature look forThe perspective of Indian English novelists represents the different levels of the Indian consciousness which is shaped by the tradition of Indian humanism.(George Lucas, 1) The theme of the emancipation of a new charrhood for the first time became a wide spread and genuine concern and improvement for womens pathetic image became a social issue in the first twentieth century. It became the inventive consciousness for all the Indian English writers including R.K Narayan. Narayan done the character, Rosie, in The Guide depicts the emergence of a new woman. In Rosie, Narayan has shown a woman experiencing a conflict amongst a strong yearning for individual fulfilment and traditional norms. Narayan illustrates the Indian society which is deeply rooted in traditionalism, where women experience been the major relentless victims of circumstances and conventions. Rosie also becomes a victim of circumstances and conventions precisely through her rebellious attitude, she makes her own way with a sense of primp and dignity, which shows a newly liberated woman in the post independence Indian society. This term paper shows how a woman asserts herself by breaking the grey-haired shackles of tradition and convention and finally brings an era of a new woman.The novel The Guide portrays two Indias the traditional India, and the modern sophisticated India. In the traditional India, women flummox no opportunity for asserting or expressing their talent and personality. Our traditional society is rigid one in which there is no respect for freedom or expression of ones potential. Women are extremely suppressed by the staminates. Men are seen as superior to women and let good position while women realize this achy reality only when they dare to express themselves and try to secure their fulfillments. Consequently, this only scenario suppresses ones self either consciously or unconsciously. R.K Narayan says in My Days A MemoirsFrom multiplication immemorial, man assigned her a secondary place and kept her there with such subtlety and cunning that she herself began to loose all nonions of her independence, her individuality, her status and strength. A wife in an orthodox milieu of Indian society was an ideal victim of such circumstancesWhereas if we look at the modern India, Jennet P. Gemmill says, it isa bountiful based an dynamic concept involving an sensory faculty of time, the will to revitalize traditions, a craving for novelty and variety, exploitation of the social conditions for the fulfillment of human personality and a struggle for progressIn such a society the woman is more enlightened astir(predicate) herself and the milieu in which she has to fulfill the purpose of her living.Rosie, in The Guide, is a character, who is deeply rooted in tradition, occupies the most unique position among the Narayans women. She comes from afamily traditionally dedicated to the temples as dancingrs (The Guide, 75).She belongs to the Devdasiclan in which women were dedicated to deity and not permitted to perform mundane domestic chores for the men. They did not have any right to choose their rightful husband. Through her denomination, Rosie, Narayans ironic intention becomes clear in which her name like a rose shows that her life remains surrounded by the thorns. She shows her first assertiveness by breaking the fetters of darkness of the Devdasi clan and leaps towards the light of study by obtaining Masters in Economics, which respond a matrimonial advertisement in the newspaperAn educated, good looking girl to marry a large bachelor of academic enlivens. No caste restrictions good looks and university degree essential (Bhatnagar, 75).Her degree shows a window of the world of glitter and glamour and by apply it she takes one more offbeat step in her ascent. She marries Marco, a rich bachelor of academic interests. The marriage shows how she has scored over her Devdasi sisters. Shalini Gupta says in her essay (page 200)The caged bird shakes her wings, breaks the interdict with jubilant banks and flies in one sweep to Marcos Nest (page 4).So, the marriage symbolizes Rosies adventurous spirit and her aspirations for the freedom of the outer world appear to assume the fulfillment of her artistic learning and yearning.After her marriage, the most defiant act comes when she commits adultery, which constitutes a crucial stage in her life. It is very necessary to understand the nature of her married relationship with Marco which enforces her to make extra marital relationship with Raju, their guide. Rosie chose to marry Marco to get status and respect of wife whereas Marco being a typical Indian male wanted a subservient faithful wife like his servant Joseph who, in his opinion was a wonderful manI dont see him, I dont hear him but he does everything for me at the right time. Thats how I want things to be thats what I thought when I saw Rosie demonstrates to me in her hotel room (The Guide, 127).Marco marries Rosie with the hope that she would go well with his practical life but his choice becomes wrong, for the girl he chooses in marriage comes out to be a dreamer who wants to beBenefited by a husband who could care for her career (Shalini Gupta,page 200).Narayan gives us the instances of their clash of expectation, hopes, interests and desire which lead to the eventual collapse of the marriage between Rosie and Marco they have nonentity in common between them like love and warmth they may share together.Narayan shows their opposite appearances noted by Balrama GuptaRosie with her bright hued and gold laced sari, ball field earrings and gold necklace and with her curly hair braided and deflowered is a contrast to Marco with his colored glasses, thick jacket and a thick helmet.Further, there is no similarity between their natures, attitudes and interests. So, if Rosie is vivacious, spiritly and passionate than Marco is cold grim and unemotional. Raju describes them as against the beautifully natural surroundings of the Peak House. He saysThe girl was in ecstasyshe ran like a babe from Plant to Plant with cries of joys, while the man looked on with no emotions. . . (Ramesh Dnyates essay, p-93)Rosie is a social girl. She loves the smart set of people and is destined to play a role in the open world whereas Marco seems to have forgotten the human world and fated to flourish his solitude. Significantly, their lifelong interests are different in nature. Rosies art involves the pulsating human bole whereas Marcos research is confined to stone walls and stone figure. He is a die-hard archeologist, who lives and breaths lifeless ancient sculptures while neglecting the living embodiment of the art of dance, his wife Rosie. This is what Raju says about himAll that he could do was to copy ancient things and write about them. His mind was completely in it. All practical affairs of life seemed unsufferabl e to him (C.P.Sharmas essay, p-109)He is an infertile man who lacks human qualities like love, warmth and compassion which is expected by his wife. His excessive indulgence in the mute things of the past kills Rosies interest in life and love of art. As the novelist puts itdead and decaying things seemed to unloosen his tongue and fire his imagination, rather than things that lived and moved and swung their limbsanything that interested her seemed to irritate him (Shalini Guptas essay, p-201)Rosie too has apt pastime like Marco. She tells him that she has many ideas like him. Her interests are no less serious than him. She starts her dancing practice at five in the morning and continues for full deuce-ace hours. In the afternoon, she spends her one or two hours by studying Natya Shastra of Bharat Muni in order to keep the purity of classical forms. She looks for the ideas in Ramayana and The Mahabharata. But Marco finds nothing intellectual in her, which shows Marcos approach to Rosies aspiration is unimaginative and deliberately callous. He believes only in marital satisfaction and cannot give spiritual fulfillment. This approach of Marco is incompatible with Rosie. Rosie says to Rajus suffer in The GuideI would have preferred any kind of mother-in-law, if it had meant one real, live husband (Shalini Guptas essay, page 201).Then she goes to Raju for fulfilling her desires. The meeting with Raju marks turn of events point in her life. Raju brings with a promise of fragrant musical breezes and a shower of colors of spring for Rosie. He becomes greatly possessive about Rosie and neer thinks that she is married to a person whom he has now grown to hate for being associated with her. For the sake of Rosie, he separates himself from his mother and discards the whole set of peoples or the whole society. By sacrificing all the things, Raju gives himself up for Rosie to fill the loveless and cheerless void in her life. Overwhelmed with love and gratefulness, sh e has confessedEven if I have seen rebirth, I wont be able to repay my debt to you (Satyanarayans essay, page 68).Raju becomes her friend, philosopher and her guide. She realizes that he is inviting her to go to the land of her dreams, her spirit begins to soar, and her individuality begins to bosom for a delightful expression. She also realizes that he is capable of fulfilling her creative and fleshly cravings, and she starts revolting herself by dance. Her passion for dance was upbringing by birth. But in devdasi clan she was like a caged bird and her instinct for freedom, spontaneousness and self expression was suppressed. It is her plight in which Raju beckoned her light released her from her dark tunnel and her heart joy and fulfillment cultivated through this art form. He symbolizes in that context a warm flow of life and certain recklessness that minister to vital human needs.Rosie is defined by dancing and her talent as an accomplished dancer achieved wide recognition throu gh Rajus managerial skill. Rosie becomes a star attraction and Raju is known as the master of this establishment. She secures her rising fame through her dance. jump may seem to be a secondary concern in the novel but it functions mainly as a medium for developing Rosies character. Thus, through the Bharat Natyam, she becomes famous as a world class dancer.But Raju uses her obsession for dance, for personal gain. As a manager, he takes too many appointments without caring Rosies physical health, in order to gain more money and self esteem. He begins to squander his new found fortune in drinking parties and gambling sessions but devising a continuous pace in fixing Rosies dance performances at various places and accepting advances for earning too practically money.Rosies delight in the company of fellow-artists is resented by Raju, who cannot understand the freedom, mobility and exposure that a devdasi woman pursues. He is not an ideal mate for Rosie and cannot comprehend the unea se within her. So, the relationship becomes doomed because it is not based on true love and understanding. When Rosies jewelry stroke is to be returned to her by Marco, Raju denies the importance of the event and attempt to forge Rosies signature and keeps the jewelry box away from her which shows Raju condemns their relationship to failure. Eventually when Raju is jailed, she becomes stunned and expresses her reactions to Rajus forgery as an atypical karma conscious woman, she saysIf I have to pawn my last possession Ill do it to save You from jail. But once it is over, leave me once for all (Ramesh Dnyates essay, p-94)In the final analysis, after abandon by Marco and betrayed by Raju, Rosie stands steadfast and dignified and does her dharma as a Hindu Wife. As the man who gave her the new lease for life, Rosie tried to save Raju by paying to a costly lawyer. She shows a sense of great fullness to Marco who takes her out of darkness by taking his book with her when she leaves Malg udi.Curiously, she too like Savitri (The Dark Room) who is taken from The Hindu Mythology, is regarded as a victim of mans world. In the male dominated world, Marco and Raju both played the game of betrayal to her but with her aspiring spirit she has managed to find her own way with a sense of assumption and dignity. Her personality leaves a sense of stronger imprint on Raju. Her vision of happy living has within it not only her passion for creativity in the dance but also a loving husband and a small home as its essential component. She says to rajuIm tired of all this circus existence. It was your own choice.(S.Satyanarains essay, p-71)She leaves the Malgudi for remission her life and no more plays any roleShe had settled down at Madras and was looking after herself quite well.(S.Satyanarains essay, p-70)Thus, Rosie wins our admiration and respect by making her own way of living.Rosie, as a rebel, reflects the complex blending of tradition and modernity.To conclude, it can be sa id that, through the character Rosie, narayans humanistic concern is revealed which deals with the overgrowing awareness of the need to expand the area of womans freedom. His fictional world is circumscribed by a traditional Hindu society in which men rather women hold a superior place. Women are generally confined to the daily drudgery and all sorts of prohibitions are imposed on them but the milieu has changed from a purely orthodox to the progressive and liberated value systems in modern civilization and women too have gradually begun to assert themselves in the society. The woman characters that move in quest of some relief from the suffocation and suppression of their established routine face a clash with the society and in the end they achieve much for themselves. Rosie is a typical example of this type of a situation of a woman in Indian society.Work Cited1. Bhatnagar,The Gendered Construction of Rosie as the Other in the Guide A Comparison of the Textual and Cinematic Tradi tion, Readings in Indian English Literature Notion, Culture and Identity.2. Chandrasekharan, Nair Anup,R.K.Narayans The Guide from the verbal to the visual An Analysis in comparison, Perspective on Indian English Fiction, Editor, Jaydip Singh K.Dodiya.3. Dnyate, Ramesh,The Concept and Nature of Rebellion, Rosies Rebellion, The Novels of R.K.Narayan, A Typological Study of Characters.4. Gupta, Salini,Assertion and After A Study of the Woman Protagonist in R.K.Narayans The Guide, secular humanism in Indian English Fiction edited by T.S Anand.5. Jannet P.Gemmill,Modernity Contemporary Indian Literature, in Literature East and West, 14 No. 2 (1970), 287.6. Narayan, R.K, The Guide (1958, rpt Mysore Indian Thought publication, 1978), 127.7. Narayan, R.K, My Days A Memoir (1974 rpt Mysore Indian thought Publication, 1975), 119.8. Singh, S.Satyanarain,The Guide Crisis and Resolution, Indian Fiction in English edited by P.Mallikarjuna Rao, M.Rajeshwar.9. Sharma, C.P,The masterpieces of ad ulthood (p, 104-110), The Novels of R.K.Narayan A Perspective.10. Thieme, John,Middle-period novels The Guide to The Painters of Signs, R.K.Narayan, Contemporary World Writers.11. Lucas, George,Empowerment of Women through the Character of Rosie in R.K. Narayans The Guide

Influences on Elderly Quality of Life: Age and Identity

Influences on Elderly Quality of Life Age and IdentityMany fixs affect quondam(a) stacks quality of life in the twenty-first degree Celsius and there are changes in expectations both by and about sometime(a) peck in terms of individualism and pressure to age salutary.The following allow for deal and evaluate the many specifys, which affect aged(a) wads quality of life in the 21st century. The evaluation will also discuss the changes in expectations both by and about senior people in terms of their identity and the pressure to age well. As will be demo there are many diverse influences that affect sure-enough(a) peoples quality of life ranging from brass policies, non- establishmental organisations re give waying their interests, prevailing demographic trends, as well as the provisions for retirement which the honest-to-goodness people may or may not allow made for themselves. The quality of life for older people is also influenced and to a large extent dependent up on the availability of health, housing, and favorable services. Non-governmental organisations put on an important role in altering the expectations of older people in terms of their identity, and the pressure to age well. The value of occupational and situate pensions as well as the potentially high costs of having to be cared for are as will be shown a signifi jackpott concern for older people when it comes to their quality of life.Government policies can and do have a major influence upon the quality of life of older people. The government could also alter the expectations that older people have in terms of their identities and any pressure to age well, which can be an integral part of government and existence sector policies towards older people. This was a small document issued by the Better Government for Older the great unwashed group to discuss the challenges that older people face. It is a good overview of the issues involved (Audit Commission / Better Government for Ol der spate, p.2). Governments have to consider the cost of evince pensions, other social security benefits, as well as the cost of health and social services (House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, May 2004 p. 9). demographic trends will also have a large factor in the provision of government social security collapsements and public services to older people. The change magnitude numbers of older people within the population mean that people need to pay higher subject field insurance contributions and taxes whilst they are working to foil extra public expenditure caused by the higher costs that an ageing population brings with it (Vincent et al, 2006). As another way of reducing the strain on social security and public service budgets the government has also changed employment law to allow older people to carry on working past the state retirement age. Already the government has changed services and the help directed towards older people to improve their health and to r educe levels of poverty, i.e. the introduction of NHS Direct and Pension Credit. The entirely of the House of Commons report contains very useful information concerning the policy decisions needed to help older people in Britain. The report provides analysis of the successes and the shortcomings of present public policies towards older people. On balance chapters 3 and 4 contained the most relevant information (House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, May 2004 p. 9).Ultimately the government would more(prenominal) than likely increase the state retirement age so that older people in the future have long-life working lives to pay towards their state retirement pensions (Brooke and Taylor, 2005). Allowing older people to work longer also compensates for the declining number of young people in the population that are paying taxes and national insurance contributions to provide social security payments and public services. When it comes to social security and public service ex penditure governments have enterpriseed to save costs by rationing or restricting services, as well as making older people with greater levels of savings or their own homes pay for much(prenominal) services. For instance, older people who own their houses are liable to sell those homes to pay for long-term stays in residential care homes. That practice has now been minify nationally due to devolution in Scotland and Wales. The Department of Health report is a useful analysis of the current provision of medical services to older people, as well as outlining the options for improving the level of healthcare provision in the future. There is also some useful information in the appendices (Department of Health, 2006). wise Labour has attempted to reorganise government structures to target services towards older people more effectively. For instance the Department for Works and Pensions has made itself more responsive to the needs of older people via the creation of the Pension Serv ice in 2002 (House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, May 2004 p. 10).For the government and the non-governmental organisations which are concerned in improving or at least maintaining the quality of life for older people there are social as well as scotch reasons for allowing and encouraging older people to carry on working past the state retirement age. Non-governmental organisations like Age Concern and Help the Aged check the encouraging of older people to stay employed as an important means of maintaining a higher quality of life and helping older people to age well. Older people had varying degrees of access to public services and opportunities to voice their concerns or problems. Generally older people in socially and economically deprived areas have greater needs and less influence over public services. Riseborough and Jenkins provide useful explanations as to why older people make up ones mind it harder to benefit from the regeneration of deprived areas than younge r people do so. Sections 3 and 4 were probably the most informative parts of this report (Riseborough Jenkins, April 2004 p. 6). As out-of-the-way(prenominal) as non-governmental organisations are convinced that working for longer enables older people to maintain or even improve their levels of self-esteem. Older people are more prone to been excluded from improvements to public services and employment opportunities in areas that have been regenerated. Another area of concern for non-governmental organisations is that the governments consultations with older people are discrepant nationally although it is improving on the whole (Riseborough Jenkins, April 2004 p.13).Working in either a paid or voluntary capacity is a valuable regularity of keeping older people mentally and physically active and therefore assists them to age well. For older people themselves staying employed could also have a significant influence upon their quality of life, as it facilitates their opportunities to socialise with other older people as well as younger people. Evandrou and Glaser contend that older people could increasingly face the choice of carrying on working due to the insufficient pension levels or caring for partners or other elderly relatives (Evandrou Glaser, 2003). Contact with younger people allows those younger people the chance to meet and understand older people, and therefore increase respect for older generations. Both the government and the non-governmental organisations, that represent the interests of older people, have found evidence that older people find it difficult to remain employed or return to the active work force due to prejudices found on ageism against them. Aside from prejudice there might be other barriers to older people macrocosm involved in the labour market, such(prenominal) as a lack of training facilities or restricted access for older people with issues around their physical capabilities. To a large extent, physical barriers to older people should be significantly reduced by the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act. That Act requires equal access to work places and the provision of public or cloistered services irrespective of disability and of age (Audit Commission / Better Government for Older People, p.2).The concept of establishing identities and ageing well depends on more than just the prospects of older people wishing to work for longer. Estes et al are in parts highly critical of present public services for older people, whilst the first peer of chapters provide valuable insights into the way older people are generally inadequately catered for (Estes et al, 2003). The desire of older people to work and remain active for longer is influenced by what they want out life themselves as well as by the influence of the government and non-governmental organisations. Older people have an influence upon the ideas and the policies of the government and non-governmental organisations towards them. Old er people are often an essential part of the non-governmental organisations that they belong to, and who represent their interests. Non-governmental organisations will attempt to help older people to establish their identity and advise them how to age well due to older people requesting such assistance in the first place. Older people will use non-governmental organisations to beg the government to change governmental policies to suit their silk hat interests when it comes to a high quality of life, an identity that enables self-esteem and enhances the prospects of ageing well. It is not governments that older people and their associated non-governmental organisations attempt to lobby, they frequently use the media to publicise their opinions or advice. Of course the influence that older people have upon government policy should logically increase throughout the 21st century as the population continues to age and the government will need older people to work longer and stay health y for longer. As older people will make up an ever-greater percentage of the electorate the political parties that do the most to improve the quality of life older people could have the best prospects of winning general elections. In return governments will have to assist older people by making it easier to remain employed and healthy for longer as well as reducing the incidence of ageism. Reducing the doubts that people have concerning the abilities of older people is vital if prejudices are not going to hold the expectations of older people that the quality of their lives will be improved. The majority of the report by Bowers et al is critical of the failure of public policy to assist older people with mental health problems. The report frequently mentions the positive influence that non-governmental organisations do have upon the quality of life for older people and raising their expectations (Bowers et al, 2005 p. 25).To intermit the quality of life of older people, with close ly linked expectations of identity and ageing well will be and is currently influenced by government policy, the actions of the non-governmental organisations that are interested in older people, and the media. Governments will argue that the best way for older people to achieve a high quality of life is for them to help themselves by working as long as possible. Governments are encouraging people to plan for their own retirement in terms of adequate income levels, and advising them of the all public services, which are available to help them. Urging people to stay employed not only prevents older people from living in poverty it raises expectations of being identified as being useful and active members of companionship that have self-esteem and who are respected by younger people. Governments have an important influence by demonstrating to society as a whole the valuable contribution that older people make to the social and economic quality of life for each body and not just for older people. Non-governmental organisations that help older people also have a strong influence over the quality of life, confirming the expectations of identity and ageing well for older people. In a sense non-governmental organisations are essential for older people to gain the help and the advice they need to have a high quality of life whilst advising governments of the social and economic policies which will improve the lives of older people.BibliographyAudit Commission / Better Government for Older People Older People, independence and well-being The challenge for public services, Public Sector BriefingBowers H, Eastman M, Harris J, Macadam A (2005) Moving out of the Shadows A report on mental health and wellbeing in later life, Health Care Development Ltd, LondonBrooke L and Taylor P, Older workers and employment managing age relations, Ageing society 25, 2005, 415-429, Cambridge University PressDepartment of Health, A Sure Start to later life, Ending inequalities for o lder people, January 2006Estes, C.L. Biggs, S. and Phillipson, C. (2003), Social Theory, Social Policy and Ageing A critical introduction, undefended University Press, MaidenheadMaria Evandrou and Karen Glaser, Combining work and family life the pension penalty of care, Ageing and Society 23, 2003, 583-601, Cambridge University PressHouse of Commons Committee of Public Accounts, meliorate Public Service for Older People, Twenty- Ninth Report of Session 2003-04 (May 2004)Riseborough M Jenkins C (April 2004), Now you see menow you dont How are older citizens being included in regeneration? Age Concern, LondonVincent, J., Phillipson, C. Downs M., (eds) (2006) The Futures of Old Age, Sage

Prostitution Under the Taliban :: Taliban

With the arrival of the Taliban the social and more importantly the economical problems for the women of Afghan has increased. These women live their lives under monstrous oppression of both Jehadi and Taliban fundamentalists in disastrous situations, roughly of the Afghan womens basic human rights are denied to them. By the rule of the Taliban, women are denied the right to sustain a job, this ruling that has created a flood of vacant women in Kabul. These women that are unemployed now face very serious financial difficulties, suffering along side them are their children. Together that suffer from malnutrition, longing many forms of illnesses as well as living that a chronic state of poverty. Majority of these women have lost their husbands and have s former(a) the last of their semiprecious possessions in order to buy food. The women that were fortunate to be able to afford to leave the country and build a new life outside of Afghanistan have long go from the scene. The women that could not afford to leave have become the bulk of beggars in their country. Surprisingly the majority of the street beggars are ex teachers and civic servants.With Kabual being in a bad state of economy it has hit hard the pity income of these beggars. The banning of female beggars entering shops, inns as well as other trading places has increased and this has affected the womens income greatly. This has forced them to enter into prostitution simply in order for them to make sure that both their children and them-selves survive. many an(prenominal) young widows that are the sole bread earner in their family have had all their doors closed on them with job prospects and have joined the rank of prostitutes as well.Preliminary research on this issue has showed that there are hundreds of new prostitutes that have joined the ranks with the professional ones. Most of these women are working from their homes under the notice of Qala. In the city of Kabul there is somewhere between 2 5 to 30 brothels actively functioning. However due to security reasons these brothels are constantly on the move every few months. The brothels usually have three to five women working and living in them. Kharabati is the name given to the prostitute while the old woman that manages the work of the brothel is call Khaka Kharabati and the pimps are called Qala Dar.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Women Have Come A Long WayA Doll House is no more just about womens rights than Shakespeares Richard II is about the divine right of kings, or Ghosts about syphilis. . . . Its theme is the need of every individual to find out the frame of person he or she is and to strive to become that person. (Bloom 28) Ibsen portays this behavior in A Doll House through one of the main char routineers, Nora Helmer, by compass the scene in Norway in 1872. In the late 1800s, women did not play an important role in society at all. Their job was mainly to cook, clean, sew, send care of the children, and keep the house in order. They were treated as a material possession rather than a human being that could think and act for themselves and looked upon as a decorative member of the household. Women were robbed of their true identity and at the end of the play, Nora leaves everything behind to go out into the world to seek her identity.This behavior crumb be traced jeopardize to the beginning of t ime when women were to stay home and gather nuts and berries, while the men would go out and do the hunting and fishing. The anthropoid always dominated over the women and it was not viewed as unfair. Male children would go to school to get an education in history, mathematics, science, english/writing, while the female would go to school to learn how to cook, sew, clean, and do household chores. The male could then further advance his education by attending a college or university, whereas no college would make a women student. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of men toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute shogunate over her. (Declaration of Sentiments) It was believed that women were the inferior gender and had to have special attention given to them. This mood dates back to the Medieval Period in history and is where the whole idea of chivalry came about and men having to provide special care. O ne can see that the idea of male superiority can be referenced back to very early on in civilization to the day A Doll House was written. Torvald You stay right here and five me a reckoning. You determine what youve done?

Cohabitation and its Effect on Marital Stability in the US Essay

Cohabitation and its Effect on Marital Stability in the USUnmarried heterosexual liveation has increased sharply in the recent geezerhood in the United States. It has in fact become so prevalent that the majority of marriages and remarriages now begin as cohabiting relationships, and most young men and women cohabit at some point in their lives. It has become quite clear that understanding and incorporating cohabitation into sociological analyses and thinking, is crucial for evaluating family patterns, peoples lifestyles, childrens wellbeing and well-disposed changes more broadly. This essay presents some common explanation for cohabitations dramatic rise and identifies some analytic questions as to how cohabitation is increasingly a major bulwark in the marital stability in the United States. Cohabitation, over the last two decades has gone from being a relatively uncommon social phenomenon to a commonplace one and has achieved this prominence quite quickly. A few sets of number s convey both the change and its rapidity. The percentage of marriages preceded by cohabitation rose from about 10% for those marrying between 1965 and 1974 to over 50% for those marrying between 1990 and 1994 (Bumpass and Lu 1999, Bumpass & Sweet 1989) the percentage is even higher for remarriages. Secondly, the percentage of women in their late 30s who report having cohabited at least(prenominal) once rose from 30% in 1987 to 48% in 1995. Given a mere eight year tome window, this is a striking increase. Fin solelyy, the proportion of all first unions (including both marriages and cohabitation) that begin as cohabitations rose from 46% for unions formed between 1980 and 1984 to almost 60% for those formed between 1990 and 1994 (Bumpass and Lu 1999). Various aspe... ... stepfamilies implications of cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing. human ecology 32425 36 Bumpass LL, Sweet JA. 1989. National estimates of cohabitation. Demography 26615 25Bumpass LL, Sweet JA, Cherlin A. 1991 . The role of cohabitation in declining rates of marriage. Demography 53913 27 Goode WJ. 1963. military man Revolution and Family Patterns. New York Free Manning WD, Smock PJ. 1997. Childrens living arrangements in unmarried-mother families. J. Fam. Issues 18526 44 Nock SL. 1995. A comparison of marriages and cohabiting relationships. J. Fam. Issues 1653 76 Rindfuss RR, VandenHeuvel A. 1990. Cohabitation a precursor to marriage or an alternative to being single? Pop. Dev. Rev. 16703 26 Thornton A. 1991. Influence of the marital history of parents on the marital and cohabitation experiences of children. Am. J. Sociol. 96868 94

Malaysia Country Report Essay -- essays research papers fc

As the world prepares to move into the twenty-first century, many nations are speedyly developing their agricultural and manufacturing sectors. As these burgeoning industries become a larger part of the nations economy, the nation finds its population restructuring and streaming to the areas of growth. Just as the people are trying to compete for their survival, the nation is competitiveness its way to center stage in the world economy. The development of these countries is tied to the worlds economy, as is evidenced by the uneven development inside each of the nations. Malaysias growing role in the world economy is likewise intertwined with the development of its industrial regions.Malaysias economy is centered on the issue of rubber, flavor, tin, and petroleum. Almost all of the countrys production of rubber and do by oil is raised solely for export. Historically, rubber was the dominant export, but now it is palm oil in terms of square miles used to cultivate it. Rubber, like no other major commodity in the world, was subject to dramatic and rapid shifts in sources and derivation of demand (McHale, 9). Thus, Malaysia has been moving away from its complete dependency on rubber for its income, and begun to diversify its economy. The peninsulas forests produce approximately 1,100,000 tons of timber each year, and about two thirds of that is exported. Up to 1965, Malaysia was producing 40% of the worlds tin supply. However, with its quickly diversifying economy, Malaysia no longer depends on tin as a substantial part of its income. Small amounts of other useful minerals can be found all over Malaysia, as it is a naturally abundant land.Its major exports are electronic equipment, machinery, petroleum, palm oil, rubber, timber, and tin. The biggest trading partners are Japan, the United States, and Singapore. Other trading partners include the United Kingdom and Russia. About two thirds of the land on the peninsula is devoted to the cultivation of rubber, an d Malaysia produces more than a third of the worlds rubber. Tin is the second largest export, and has been mined on the peninsula since the 17th century. Since Malaysias exports are in the main raw materials, and raw materials are susceptible to wildly fluctuating market prices, Malaysias economy is easily affected by market swings. For example, just a one cent fall in the price of rubber would decre... ...Cal Clark, eds. The Evolving Pacific Basin in the Global Political Economy. United States Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1992.Cheok, Cheong Kee and Lin Lean Lim. Demographic disturb on Socio-Economic Development The Malaysia Experience. Canberra, Australia The Australian National University, 1982.Drabble, J.H. Rubber in Malaya 1876-1922. Malaysia Oxford University Press, 1973.Jomo, K.S. reaping and structural Change in the Malaysian Economy. London The MacMillan Press Ltd., 1990.Lim, David, ed. Further Readings on Malaysian Economic Development. Malaysia Oxford University Pre ss, 1983.Lim, Lin Lean. Population and Development Theory and Empirical Evidence. Malaysia International Book Service, 1983.Malaysia. Encyclopedia Britannica Macropaedia. 1973.McHale, T.R. Rubber and the Malaysian Economy. Singapore M.P.H. Publications, 1966.Peng, Khor Kok. Recession and the Malaysian Economy. Malaysia Institut Masyarakat, 1983.Schatzl, Ludwig H., ed. Growth and Spatial Equity in West Malaysia. Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1988.Yee, Lo Sum. The Development Performance of West Malaysia 1955-1967. Malaysia Heinemann Educational Books, 1972.